Genomics and Bioanalytics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States.
International Livestock Research Institute and ILRI/BMZ One Health Research, Education, Outreach and Awareness Centre, Nairobi, Kenya.
Front Public Health. 2023 Jul 17;11:1194964. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1194964. eCollection 2023.
Abattoirs are facilities where livestock are slaughtered and are an important aspect in the food production chain. There are several types of abattoirs, which differ in infrastructure and facilities, sanitation and PPE practices, and adherence to regulations. In each abattoir facility, worker exposure to animals and animal products increases their risk of infection from zoonotic pathogens. Backyard abattoirs and slaughter slabs have the highest risk of pathogen transmission because of substandard hygiene practices and minimal infrastructure. These abattoir conditions can often contribute to environmental contamination and may play a significant role in disease outbreaks within communities. To assess further the risk of disease, we conducted a scoping review of parasites and pathogens among livestock and human workers in abattoirs across 13 Eastern African countries, which are hotspots for zoonoses. Our search results ( = 104 articles) showed the presence of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and macroparasites (nematodes, cestodes, etc.) in cattle, goats, sheep, pigs, camels, and poultry. Most articles reported results from cattle, and the most frequent pathogen detected was , which causes bovine tuberculosis. Some articles included worker survey and questionnaires that suggested how the use of PPE along with proper worker training and safe animal handling practices could reduce disease risk. Based on these findings, we discuss ways to improve abattoir biosafety and increase biosurveillance for disease control and mitigation. Abattoirs are a '' for pathogens, and by surveying animals at abattoirs, health officials can determine which diseases are prevalent in different regions and which pathogens are most likely transmitted from wildlife to livestock. We suggest a regional approach to biosurveillance, which will improve testing and data gathering for enhanced disease risk mapping and forecasting. Next generation sequencing will be key in identifying a wide range of pathogens, rather than a targeted approach.
屠宰场是牲畜屠宰的场所，是食品生产链中的重要环节。屠宰场有几种类型，其基础设施和设备、卫生和个人防护用品 (PPE) 实践以及遵守法规方面存在差异。在每个屠宰场设施中，工人接触动物和动物产品会增加他们感染人畜共患病病原体的风险。后院屠宰场和屠宰台由于卫生实践标准低且基础设施简陋，其病原体传播风险最高。这些屠宰场条件通常会导致环境污染，并可能在社区内的疾病爆发中发挥重要作用。为了进一步评估疾病风险，我们对 13 个东非国家的牲畜和人类工人在屠宰场中寄生虫和病原体进行了范围界定审查，这些国家是人畜共患病的热点地区。我们的搜索结果（ = 104 篇文章）显示了牛、山羊、绵羊、猪、骆驼和家禽中的细菌、病毒、真菌和大型寄生虫（线虫、绦虫等）的存在。大多数文章报告了牛的结果，最常检测到的病原体是 ，它会引起牛结核病。一些文章包括工人调查和问卷，表明如何使用 PPE 以及适当的工人培训和安全的动物处理实践可以降低疾病风险。基于这些发现，我们讨论了如何改善屠宰场生物安全并增加疾病控制和缓解的生物监测。屠宰场是病原体的“ ”，通过对屠宰场的动物进行调查，卫生官员可以确定不同地区哪些疾病流行，以及哪些病原体最有可能从野生动物传播到牲畜。我们建议采用区域方法进行生物监测，这将改善测试和数据收集，以加强疾病风险图和预测。下一代测序将是识别广泛病原体的关键，而不是采用有针对性的方法。
