Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210042, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China.
Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Nanjing, 210042, China.
J Environ Manage. 2023 Oct 15;344:118705. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118705. Epub 2023 Aug 8.
Antibiotics have attracted widespread attention around the world because they are ubiquitous in the environment and can lead to antibiotic-resistant microbes developing and pose ecotoxicological risks. In this study, we determined the spatiotemporal distributions of 39 antibiotics in 19 drinking water sources in Jiangsu area of the lower Yangtze River and attempted to identify the sources of the antibiotics and to prioritize the antibiotics. The total antibiotic concentrations in spring and fall were 234.56-6515.99 and 151.12-2562.59 ng/L, respectively. In spring, the total antibiotic concentration gradually increased from upstream to downstream. In fall, the antibiotic concentration did not markedly vary upstream to downstream (total concentrations 151.12-432.17 ng/L) excluding site S9 and S10. Analysis using a positive matrix factorization (PMF) model indicated that the antibiotics had four main sources. Pharmaceutical wastewater was the main source, contributing 34.1% and 41.2% of total antibiotics in spring and fall, respectively, and domestic wastewater was the second most important source, contributing 24.4% and 43% of total antibiotics in spring and fall, respectively. Pharmaceutical wastewater was the main source from midstream to downstream, but the other sources made different contributions in different areas because of the various ranges of human activities. An ecological risk assessment was performed. Stronger risks were posed by antibiotics in spring than fall, and fluoroquinolone antibiotics posed the strongest risks. Optimized risk quotients indicated that norfloxacin was a high-risk contaminant. An assessment of the risk of resistance development indicated that norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and enrofloxacin posed moderate to high risks of resistance development and should be prioritized for risk management. The results of this study are important reference data for identifying key sources of antibiotics and developing strategies to manage antibiotic contamination in similar areas.
抗生素在环境中无处不在，会导致抗生素耐药微生物的产生，带来生态毒理学风险，因此受到了全世界的广泛关注。本研究测定了长江下游江苏地区 19 个饮用水源中 39 种抗生素的时空分布情况，尝试识别抗生素的来源并对其进行优先级排序。春、秋季抗生素的总浓度分别为 234.56-6515.99 和 151.12-2562.59ng/L。春季，抗生素总浓度从上游到下游逐渐增加。秋季，除 S9 和 S10 站点外，抗生素浓度在上游到下游没有明显变化（总浓度 151.12-432.17ng/L）。采用正定矩阵因子（PMF）模型分析表明，抗生素主要有 4 个来源。制药废水是主要来源，分别占春、秋季抗生素总量的 34.1%和 41.2%，生活污水是第二大重要来源，分别占春、秋季抗生素总量的 24.4%和 43%。制药废水是从中游到下游的主要来源，但由于人类活动的不同范围，其他来源在不同地区的贡献也不同。进行了生态风险评估。春季抗生素的风险强于秋季，氟喹诺酮类抗生素的风险最强。优化后的风险商数表明，诺氟沙星是一种高风险污染物。对抗生素耐药性发展风险的评估表明，诺氟沙星、环丙沙星和恩诺沙星具有中度到高度的耐药性发展风险，应优先进行风险管理。本研究结果为识别抗生素的关键来源和制定类似地区抗生素污染管理策略提供了重要的参考数据。
