Gibbons J, Anderson D R, Smith R, Field D E, Fischer C
Child Dev. 1986 Aug;57(4):1014-23. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1986.tb00262.x.
It has been claimed that the visual component of audiovisual media dominates young children's cognitive processing. This experiment examines the effects of input modality while controlling the complexity of the visual and auditory content and while varying the comprehension task (recall vs. reconstruction). 4- and 7-year-olds were presented brief stories through either audio or audiovisual media. The audio version consisted of narrated character actions and character utterances. The narrated actions were matched to the utterances on the basis of length and propositional complexity. The audiovisual version depicted the actions visually by means of stop animation instead of by auditory narrative statements. The character utterances were the same in both versions. Audiovisual input produced superior performance on explicit information in the 4-year-olds and produced more inferences at both ages. Because performance on utterances was superior in the audiovisual condition as compared to the audio condition, there was no evidence that visual input inhibits processing of auditory information. Actions were more likely to be produced by the younger children than utterances, regardless of input medium, indicating that prior findings of visual dominance may have been due to the salience of narrative action. Reconstruction, as compared to recall, produced superior depiction of actions at both ages as well as more constrained relevant inferences and narrative conventions.
有人声称视听媒体的视觉成分主导着幼儿的认知加工。本实验在控制视觉和听觉内容复杂性以及改变理解任务（回忆与重构）的同时，考察了输入方式的影响。通过音频或视听媒体向4岁和7岁儿童呈现简短故事。音频版本包括叙述的角色动作和角色话语。叙述的动作在长度和命题复杂性的基础上与话语相匹配。视听版本通过定格动画而非听觉叙述陈述来直观呈现动作。两个版本中的角色话语是相同的。视听输入使4岁儿童在明确信息方面表现更优，且在两个年龄段都产生了更多推理。因为与音频条件相比，视听条件下话语的表现更优，所以没有证据表明视觉输入会抑制听觉信息的加工。无论输入媒介如何，年幼儿童更有可能生成动作而非话语，这表明先前视觉主导的研究结果可能归因于叙述动作的显著性。与回忆相比，重构在两个年龄段都能更优地呈现动作，以及产生更受限的相关推理和叙述惯例。
