Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, University of Turin, Orbassano (TO), Italy.
Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
Adv Nutr. 2023 Nov;14(6):1389-1415. doi: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.08.007. Epub 2023 Aug 20.
Human milk (HM) is considered the best source of nutrition for infant growth and health. This nourishment is unique and changes constantly during lactation to adapt to the physiological needs of the developing infant. It is also recognized as a potential route of transmission of some viral pathogens although the presence of a virus in HM rarely leads to a disease in an infant. This intriguing paradox can be explained by considering the intrinsic antiviral properties of HM. In this comprehensive and schematically presented review, we have described what viruses have been detected in HM so far and what their potential transmission risk through breastfeeding is. We have provided a description of all the antiviral compounds of HM, along with an analysis of their demonstrated and hypothesized mechanisms of action. Finally, we have also analyzed the impact of HM pasteurization and storage methods on the detection and transmission of viruses, and on the antiviral compounds of HM. We have highlighted that there is currently a deep knowledge on the potential transmission of viral pathogens through breastfeeding and on the antiviral properties of HM. The current evidence suggests that, in most cases, it is unnecessarily to deprive an infant of this high-quality nourishment and that the continuation of breastfeeding is in the best interest of the infant and the mother.
人乳（HM）被认为是婴儿生长和健康的最佳营养来源。这种营养是独特的，并且在哺乳期不断变化，以适应发育中婴儿的生理需求。尽管母乳中存在病毒很少导致婴儿患病，但它也被认为是一些病毒病原体传播的潜在途径。这种有趣的悖论可以通过考虑人乳固有的抗病毒特性来解释。在这篇全面且以图表形式呈现的综述中，我们描述了迄今为止在人乳中检测到的病毒以及通过母乳喂养传播的潜在风险。我们描述了人乳中的所有抗病毒化合物，并分析了它们已证明和假设的作用机制。最后，我们还分析了人乳巴氏消毒和储存方法对病毒检测和传播以及人乳抗病毒化合物的影响。我们强调，目前对于通过母乳喂养传播病毒病原体的潜在风险以及人乳的抗病毒特性有了深入的了解。目前的证据表明，在大多数情况下，没有必要剥夺婴儿这种高质量的营养，继续母乳喂养符合婴儿和母亲的最佳利益。
