Maslova Olga, Komarova Yuliya, Shusharina Natalia, Kolsanov Alexander, Zakharov Alexander, Garina Evgenia, Pyatin Vasiliy
Neurosciences Research Institute, Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia.
Baltic Center for Neurotechnologies and Artificial Intelligence, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, Kaliningrad, Russia.
Front Hum Neurosci. 2023 Aug 23;17:1216648. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1216648. eCollection 2023.
The defeat of the central motor neuron leads to the motor disorders. Patients lose the ability to control voluntary muscles, for example, of the upper limbs, which introduces a fundamental dissonance in the possibility of daily use of a computer or smartphone. As a result, the patients lose the ability to communicate with other people. The article presents the most popular paradigms used in the brain-computer-interface speller system and designed for typing by people with severe forms of the movement disorders. Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have emerged as a promising technology for individuals with communication impairments. BCI-spellers are systems that enable users to spell words by selecting letters on a computer screen using their brain activity. There are three main types of BCI-spellers: P300, motor imagery (MI), and steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP). However, each type has its own limitations, which has led to the development of hybrid BCI-spellers that combine the strengths of multiple types. Hybrid BCI-spellers can improve accuracy and reduce the training period required for users to become proficient. Overall, hybrid BCI-spellers have the potential to improve communication for individuals with impairments by combining the strengths of multiple types of BCI-spellers. In conclusion, BCI-spellers are a promising technology for individuals with communication impairments. P300, MI, and SSVEP are the three main types of BCI-spellers, each with their own advantages and limitations. Further research is needed to improve the accuracy and usability of BCI-spellers and to explore their potential applications in other areas such as gaming and virtual reality.
中枢运动神经元的损伤会导致运动障碍。患者会失去控制随意肌的能力，比如上肢的肌肉，这给日常使用电脑或智能手机带来了根本性的不协调。结果，患者失去了与他人交流的能力。本文介绍了脑机接口拼写系统中最常用的范式，这些范式是为患有严重运动障碍的人设计用于打字的。脑机接口（BCI）已成为一种对有沟通障碍的个体很有前景的技术。脑机接口拼写器是一种系统，它能让用户通过利用大脑活动在电脑屏幕上选择字母来拼写单词。脑机接口拼写器主要有三种类型：P300、运动想象（MI）和稳态视觉诱发电位（SSVEP）。然而，每种类型都有其自身的局限性，这导致了混合脑机接口拼写器的发展，这种拼写器结合了多种类型的优势。混合脑机接口拼写器可以提高准确性，并减少用户熟练使用所需的训练时间。总体而言，混合脑机接口拼写器有潜力通过结合多种类型脑机接口拼写器的优势来改善有障碍个体的沟通。总之，脑机接口拼写器对有沟通障碍的个体来说是一项很有前景的技术。P300、MI和SSVEP是脑机接口拼写器的三种主要类型，每种都有其自身的优缺点。需要进一步研究以提高脑机接口拼写器的准确性和可用性，并探索它们在游戏和虚拟现实等其他领域的潜在应用。
