Ghasemian Seyedeh Ommolbanin
Department of Veterinary, Behbahan Branch, Islamic Azad University Behbahan, Behbahan, Iran.
Front Fungal Biol. 2021 Sep 30;2:736093. doi: 10.3389/ffunb.2021.736093. eCollection 2021.
Fungal diseases such as candidiasis are some of the deadliest diseases among immunocompromised patients. These fungi naturally exist on human skin and throughout the digestive system. When the microbiota balance becomes upset, these fungi become pathogenic and potentially lethal. At the pathogenesis of fungal diseases, host immune system response is diverse. At the early stages of fungal pathogenesis such as , it was shown that these fungi use the immune cells of the host body and cause malfunction the early induction of proinflammatory cytokines of the host body leading to a reduction in their numbers. However, at some stages of fungal diseases, the immune response is severe. Despite many treatments already being available, it seems that one of the best treatments could be an immune-stimulatory agent. Some of the subsets of MSCs and exosome-derived cells, as a cell-to-cell communicator agent, have many roles in the human body, including anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory effects. However, the TLR4-primed and IL-17+ subsets of MSCs have been shown to have immune-stimulatory effects. These subsets of the MSCs produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduce immunosuppressive cytokines and chemokines. Thus, they could trigger inflammation and stop fungal pathogenesis. As some biological activities and molecules inherit elements of their exosomes from their maternal cells, the exosome-derived TLR4-primed and IL-17+ subsets of MSCs could be a good candidate for fighting against fungal diseases. The applications of exosomes in human diseases are well-known and expanding. It is time to investigate the exosomes application in fungal diseases. In this review, the probable role of exosomes in treating fungal diseases is explored.
念珠菌病等真菌疾病是免疫功能低下患者中最致命的疾病之一。这些真菌自然存在于人体皮肤和整个消化系统中。当微生物群平衡被打破时，这些真菌就会致病并可能致命。在真菌疾病的发病机制中，宿主免疫系统的反应是多样的。在真菌发病的早期阶段，如 ，研究表明这些真菌利用宿主体内的免疫细胞，导致宿主体内促炎细胞因子的早期诱导功能失调，从而使其数量减少。然而，在真菌疾病的某些阶段，免疫反应会很强烈。尽管已经有很多治疗方法，但似乎最好的治疗方法之一可能是免疫刺激剂。作为细胞间通讯介质，间充质干细胞（MSCs）和外泌体衍生细胞的一些亚群在人体中具有多种作用，包括抗炎和免疫调节作用。然而，已证明MSCs的TLR4启动和IL-17+亚群具有免疫刺激作用。这些MSCs亚群产生促炎细胞因子，减少免疫抑制细胞因子和趋化因子。因此，它们可以引发炎症并阻止真菌发病。由于一些生物活性和分子从其母细胞继承了外泌体的成分，MSCs的外泌体衍生的TLR4启动和IL-17+亚群可能是对抗真菌疾病的良好候选者。外泌体在人类疾病中的应用是众所周知且不断扩大的。是时候研究外泌体在真菌疾病中的应用了。在这篇综述中，探讨了外泌体在治疗真菌疾病中可能发挥的作用。
