Program in Public Health, Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.
Department of Health, Society and Behavior, Program in Public Health, Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.
Front Public Health. 2023 Sep 13;11:958932. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.958932. eCollection 2023.
BACKGROUND: Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020, reports of anti-Asian American or Pacific Islander (AAPI) hate have increased in the United States. Institutions of higher education provide a unique opportunity to examine COVID-19 related stigma and protective factors in AAPI young adults enrolled in college. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this research was to examine COVID-19 related stigma among a diverse college student population. We posited that AAPI students experience more racial discrimination, internalized stigma, and/or anticipated racial discrimination than other students. We also sought to identify protective behavioral factors against stigma. METHODS: This study includes data from a repeated cross-sectional survey that was administered among college students at a large public university in the United States in April ( = 1,359) and November 2020 ( = 1,196). All university enrolled students with an active email account were eligible to participate in the online survey, which included questions about COVID-19 stigma (anticipated, enacted, internalized), stigma resistance, sources of COVID-19 information, lifestyle behaviors, and sociodemographic information. Binary logistic regression models were utilized to assess differences in stigma between race and ethnic groups and to identify factors associated with stigma. RESULTS: AAPI students were more likely to experience all three types of stigma compared to other race and ethnic groups. AAPI students in both waves were at least 2 times more likely to experience enacted stigma and 7.3 times more likely to experience anticipated stigma in the earlier wave compared to non-Hispanic White students. Students who had experienced enacted stigma were more likely to experience anticipated stigma, and those who experienced enacted and anticipated stigma were more likely to experience internalized stigma. Higher education level, living with neighbors/roommates, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and thinking positively about oneself may act as protective factors against different types of stigma. CONCLUSION: AAPI students have a greater risk of experiencing COVID-19 stigma compared to those from other race and ethnic groups. Universities should combat anti-AAPI sentiments and COVID-19 stigma and promote public health efforts to build resistance against the negative effects of stigma.
背景：自 2020 年 3 月 COVID-19 大流行开始以来，美国针对亚裔美国人和太平洋岛民（AAPI）的仇恨报告有所增加。高等教育机构提供了一个独特的机会，可以研究在美国大学就读的 AAPI 年轻成年人中的 COVID-19 相关耻辱感和保护因素。
目的：本研究旨在检查不同大学生群体中的 COVID-19 相关耻辱感。我们假设 AAPI 学生比其他学生经历更多的种族歧视、内化的耻辱感和/或预期的种族歧视。我们还试图确定针对耻辱感的保护性行为因素。
方法：本研究包括一项重复横断面调查的数据，该调查于 2020 年 4 月（ = 1359）和 11 月在美国一所大型公立大学的大学生中进行。所有拥有有效电子邮件地址的在校大学生都有资格参加在线调查，该调查包括有关 COVID-19 耻辱感（预期、实施、内化）、抗耻辱感、COVID-19 信息来源、生活方式行为和社会人口统计学信息的问题。二元逻辑回归模型用于评估不同种族和族裔群体之间的耻辱感差异，并确定与耻辱感相关的因素。
结果：与其他种族和族裔群体相比，AAPI 学生更有可能经历所有三种类型的耻辱感。在两波调查中，与非西班牙裔白人学生相比，AAPI 学生在较早的一波中经历实施性耻辱感的可能性至少高出 2 倍，经历预期性耻辱感的可能性高出 7.3 倍。经历过实施性耻辱感的学生更有可能经历预期性耻辱感，而经历过实施性和预期性耻辱感的学生更有可能经历内化性耻辱感。较高的教育水平、与邻居/室友同住、保持健康的生活方式和对自己有积极的想法可能是预防不同类型耻辱感的保护因素。
结论：与其他种族和族裔群体相比，AAPI 学生更有可能经历 COVID-19 耻辱感。大学应该打击反亚裔情绪和 COVID-19 耻辱感，并促进公共卫生努力，以建立对耻辱感负面影响的抵抗力。
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