IIMPACT in Health, Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
Persistent Pain Research Group, Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
PeerJ. 2023 Oct 4;11:e16095. doi: 10.7717/peerj.16095. eCollection 2023.
How we feel during exercise is influenced by exteroceptive (, vision) and interoceptive (, internal body signals) sensory information, and by our prior experiences and expectations. Deceptive visual cues about one's performance during exercise can increase work rate, without negatively impacting affective valence (good/bad responses) or perceived exertion. However, what is less understood is whether the perception of the exercise experience itself can be shifted, if work rate is held constant. Here we aimed to investigate whether deceptive vision-via illusory hills in a virtual reality (VR) cycling experience-alters affective valence and perceived exertion when physical effort is controlled. We also evaluated whether the accuracy with which one detects interoceptive cues influences the extent to which deceptive visual information can shift exercise experiences.
A total of 20 participants (10 female; 30.2 ± 11.2 yrs) completed three VR cycling conditions each of 10-min duration, in a randomised, counterbalanced order. Pedal resistance/cadence were individualised (to exercise intensity around ventilatory threshold) and held constant across conditions; only visual cues varied. Two conditions provided deceptive visual cues about the terrain (illusory uphill, illusory downhill; resistance did not change); one condition provided accurate visual cues (flat terrain). Ratings of affective valence (Feeling Scale) and of perceived exertion (Borg's RPE) were obtained at standardised timepoints in each VR condition. Interoceptive accuracy was measured a heartbeat detection test.
Linear mixed effects models revealed that deceptive visual cues altered affective valence ( = 0.0198). Relative to flat terrain, illusory downhill reduced affective valence (Est = -0.21, = 0.003), but illusory uphill did not significantly improve affective valence (Est = 0.107, = 0.14). Deceptive visual cues altered perceived exertion, and this was moderated by the level of interoceptive accuracy (Condition-Interoception interaction, = 0.00000024, = 0.0307). Higher levels of interoceptive accuracy resulted in higher perceived exertion in the illusory downhill condition ( flat), while lower interoceptive accuracy resulted in lower perceived exertion in both illusory hill conditions ( flat) and shifts of greater magnitude.
Deceptive visual cues influence perceptual responses during exercise when physical effort does not vary, and for perceived exertion, the weighting given to visual exteroceptive cues is determined by accuracy with which interoceptive cues are detected. Contrary to our hypotheses, deceptive visual cues did not improve affective valence. Our findings suggest that those with lower levels of interoceptive accuracy experience most benefit from deceptive visual cues, providing preliminary insight into individualised exercise prescription to promote positive (and avoid negative) exercise experiences.
我们在运动时的感受受到外感受（，视觉）和内感受（，内部身体信号）感觉信息的影响，还受到我们先前的经验和期望的影响。在运动过程中对自身表现的欺骗性视觉提示可以提高工作效率，而不会对情感效价（好/坏反应）或感知用力产生负面影响。然而，人们对运动体验本身的感知是否可以改变，如果保持工作效率不变，知之甚少。在这里，我们旨在研究在控制体力活动的情况下，通过虚拟现实（VR）骑行体验中的虚幻山丘来欺骗性视觉是否会改变情感效价和感知用力。我们还评估了一个人检测内感受线索的准确性如何影响欺骗性视觉信息改变运动体验的程度。
共有 20 名参与者（10 名女性；30.2±11.2 岁）以随机、对照平衡的顺序，在三种 VR 骑行条件下，每种条件持续 10 分钟。蹬踏阻力/踏频个性化（运动强度接近通气阈），并在各条件下保持不变；只有视觉提示发生变化。两种情况提供了有关地形的欺骗性视觉提示（虚幻的上坡、虚幻的下坡；阻力没有变化）；一种情况提供了准确的视觉提示（平坦地形）。在每个 VR 条件的标准时间点获得情感效价（感觉量表）和感知用力（Borg 的 RPE）的评分。通过心跳检测测试测量内感受准确性。
线性混合效应模型显示，欺骗性视觉提示改变了情感效价（ = 0.0198）。与平坦地形相比，虚幻的下坡降低了情感效价（Est = -0.21， = 0.003），但虚幻的上坡并没有显著改善情感效价（Est = 0.107， = 0.14）。欺骗性视觉提示改变了感知用力，并且这受到内感受准确性的调节（条件-内感受相互作用， = 0.00000024， = 0.0307）。较高的内感受准确性导致在虚幻下坡条件下（平坦）感知用力增加，而在两种虚幻山坡条件下（平坦）和更大幅度的变化时，较低的内感受准确性导致感知用力降低。
当体力活动不变化时，欺骗性视觉提示会影响运动时的感知反应，对于感知用力，对外在视觉提示的重视程度取决于内感受提示的检测准确性。与我们的假设相反，欺骗性视觉提示并没有改善情感效价。我们的研究结果表明，那些内感受准确性较低的人从欺骗性视觉提示中获益最多，这为促进积极（和避免消极）运动体验的个性化运动处方提供了初步见解。
