Patrocinio David, Galván-Chacón Victor, Gómez-Blanco J Carlos, Miguel Sonia P, Loureiro Jorge, Ribeiro Maximiano P, Coutinho Paula, Pagador J Blas, Sanchez-Margallo Francisco M
CCMIJU, Bioengineering and Health Technologies, Jesus Usón Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, 10071 Cáceres, Spain.
CPIRN-IPG, Center of Potential and Innovation of Natural Resources, Polytechnic of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal.
Gels. 2023 Nov 10;9(11):890. doi: 10.3390/gels9110890.
Currently, tissue engineering has been dedicated to the development of 3D structures through bioprinting techniques that aim to obtain personalized, dynamic, and complex hydrogel 3D structures. Among the different materials used for the fabrication of such structures, proteins and polysaccharides are the main biological compounds (biopolymers) selected for the bioink formulation. These biomaterials obtained from natural sources are commonly compatible with tissues and cells (biocompatibility), friendly with biological digestion processes (biodegradability), and provide specific macromolecular structural and mechanical properties (biomimicry). However, the rheological behaviors of these natural-based bioinks constitute the main challenge of the cell-laden printing process (bioprinting). For this reason, bioprinting usually requires chemical modifications and/or inter-macromolecular crosslinking. In this sense, a comprehensive analysis describing these biopolymers (natural proteins and polysaccharides)-based bioinks, their modifications, and their stimuli-responsive nature is performed. This manuscript is organized into three sections: (1) tissue engineering application, (2) crosslinking, and (3) bioprinting techniques, analyzing the current challenges and strengths of biopolymers in bioprinting. In conclusion, all hydrogels try to resemble extracellular matrix properties for bioprinted structures while maintaining good printability and stability during the printing process.
目前，组织工程致力于通过生物打印技术开发三维结构，旨在获得个性化、动态且复杂的水凝胶三维结构。在用于制造此类结构的不同材料中，蛋白质和多糖是生物墨水配方中选择的主要生物化合物（生物聚合物）。这些从天然来源获得的生物材料通常与组织和细胞具有相容性（生物相容性），对生物消化过程友好（生物可降解性），并提供特定的大分子结构和机械性能（生物仿生性）。然而，这些基于天然的生物墨水的流变行为构成了载细胞打印过程（生物打印）的主要挑战。因此，生物打印通常需要化学修饰和/或大分子间交联。从这个意义上讲，本文对这些基于生物聚合物（天然蛋白质和多糖）的生物墨水、它们的修饰及其刺激响应特性进行了全面分析。本文分为三个部分：（1）组织工程应用，（2）交联，（3）生物打印技术，分析了生物聚合物在生物打印中的当前挑战和优势。总之，所有水凝胶都试图使生物打印结构类似于细胞外基质特性，同时在打印过程中保持良好的可打印性和稳定性。
