Hoff J C, Akin E W
Environ Health Perspect. 1986 Nov;69:7-13. doi: 10.1289/ehp.86697.
Drinking water disinfection provides the final barrier to transmission of a wide variety of potentially waterborne infectious agents including pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. These agents differ greatly in their innate resistance to inactivation by disinfectants, ranging from extremely sensitive bacteria to highly resistant protozoan cysts. The close similarity between microorganism inactivation rates and the kinetics of chemical reactions has long been recognized. Ideally, under carefully controlled conditions, microorganism inactivation rates simulate first-order chemical reaction rates, making it possible to predict the effectiveness of disinfection under specific conditions. In practice, changes in relative resistance and deviations from first-order kinetics are caused by a number of factors, including microbial growth conditions, aggregation, and association with particulate materials. The net effect of all these factors is a reduction in the effectiveness and predictability of disinfection processes. To ensure effective pathogen control, disinfectant concentrations and contact times greater than experimentally determined values may be required. Of the factors causing enhanced disinfection resistance, protection by association with particulate matter is the most significant. Therefore, removal of particulate matter is an important step in increasing the effectiveness of disinfection processes.
饮用水消毒为多种潜在的水传播感染因子（包括致病细菌、病毒和原生动物）的传播提供了最后一道屏障。这些病原体对消毒剂灭活的固有抗性差异很大，从极其敏感的细菌到高度抗性的原生动物囊肿不等。微生物灭活速率与化学反应动力学之间的密切相似性早已得到认可。理想情况下，在精心控制的条件下，微生物灭活速率模拟一级化学反应速率，从而有可能预测特定条件下消毒的有效性。在实际操作中，相对抗性的变化和与一级动力学的偏差是由多种因素引起的，包括微生物生长条件、聚集以及与颗粒物质的结合。所有这些因素的综合作用是降低消毒过程的有效性和可预测性。为确保有效控制病原体，可能需要高于实验确定值的消毒剂浓度和接触时间。在导致消毒抗性增强的因素中，与颗粒物结合的保护作用最为显著。因此，去除颗粒物是提高消毒过程有效性的重要一步。
