School of Psychology, Fielding Graduate University, 2020 De La Vina Street, Santa Barbara, CA 93105, USA; Department of Communications, Behavioral, and Natural Sciences, Franklin University, 201 South Grant Avenue, Columbus, OH 43215, USA.
Life Sci Space Res (Amst). 2024 Feb;40:51-61. doi: 10.1016/j.lssr.2023.12.003. Epub 2023 Dec 28.
Numerous technological challenges have been overcome to realize human space exploration. As mission durations gradually lengthen, the next obstacle is a set of physical limitations. Extended exposure to microgravity poses multiple threats to various bodily systems. Two of these systems are of particular concern for the success of future space missions. The vestibular system includes the otolith organs, which are stimulated in gravity but unloaded in microgravity. This impairs perception, posture, and coordination, all of which are relevant to mission success. Similarly, vision is impaired in many space travelers due to possible intracranial pressure changes or fluid shifts in the brain. As humankind prepares for extended missions to Mars and beyond, it is imperative to compensate for these perils in prolonged weightlessness. Possible countermeasures are considered such as exercise regimens, improved nutrition, and artificial gravity achieved with a centrifuge or spacecraft rotation.
为了实现人类的太空探索，克服了许多技术挑战。随着任务持续时间的逐渐延长，下一个障碍是一系列身体限制。长时间暴露在微重力下对各种身体系统构成了多种威胁。其中两个系统对未来太空任务的成功特别重要。前庭系统包括耳石器官，这些器官在重力作用下受到刺激，但在微重力下卸载。这会损害感知、姿势和协调能力，所有这些都与任务成功相关。同样，由于颅内压变化或大脑中的液体转移，许多太空旅行者的视力受到损害。随着人类准备进行前往火星和更远星球的长期任务，必须在长时间的失重状态下弥补这些危险。可以考虑采取一些对策，如运动方案、改善营养以及通过离心机或航天器旋转来实现人工重力。
