Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Characterization of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Isolated from Stools of Primary Healthcare Patients in Ethiopia.

Antimicrobial resistance of is a growing problem in both developed and developing countries. This study aimed to investigate the phenotypic antimicrobial resistance of isolates ( = 260) isolated from the stool specimen of patients attending public health facilities in Addis Ababa and Hossana. This study also aimed to characterize phenotypically confirmed extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing isolates ( = 22) using whole-genome sequencing. Resistance to 18 different antimicrobials was assessed using the disc diffusion method according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) guidelines. The highest resistance rate among the isolates was found for ampicillin (52.7%), followed by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (29.6%). Of all isolates, 50 (19.2%) were multidrug-resistant and 22 (8.5%) were ESBL producers. ESBL genes were detected in 94.7% of the sequenced isolates, and multiple β-lactamase genes were detected in 57.9% of the isolates. The predominant ESBL gene identified was (78.9%). The gene was detected in combination with other ESBL genes in 57.9% of the isolates, while only one of the sequenced isolates contained the gene alone. The gene was detected in three isolates. The genes and as well as and were confirmed to coexist in 52.6% and 10.5% of the sequenced isolates, respectively. In addition, was identified together with and in one isolate, and in one isolate, together with and was found. The results obtained show that measures need to be taken to reduce the spread of drug resistance and ensure the long-term use of available antimicrobials.