Delayed wound healing is a major complication of diabetes, and is associated with impaired cellular functions. Current treatments are unsatisfactory. Based on the previous reports on microRNA expression in small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), miR-17-5p-engineered sEVs (sEVs) and encapsulated them in gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel for diabetic wounds treatment are fabricated. SEVs are successfully fabricated with a 16-fold increase in miR-17-5p expression. SEVs inhibited senescence and promoted the proliferation, migration, and tube formation of high glucose-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HG-HUVECs). Additionally, sEVs also performs a promotive effect on high glucose-induced human dermal fibroblasts (HG-HDFs). Mechanism analysis showed the expressions of p21 and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), as the target genes of miR-17-5p, are downregulated significantly by sEVs. Accordingly, the downstream genes and pathways of p21 and PTEN, are activated. Next, sEVs are loaded in GelMA hydrogel to fabricate a novel bioactive wound dressing and to evaluate their effects on diabetic wound healing. Gel-sEVs effectively accelerated wound healing by promoting angiogenesis and collagen deposition. The cellular mechanism may be associated with local cell proliferation. Therefore, a novel bioactive wound dressing by loading sEVs in GelMA hydrogel, offering an option for chronic wound management is successfully fabricated.