Zamboni Giorgio, Scamardella Filippo, Gualeni Paola, Canepa Edward
DIME, Department of Mechanical, Energy, Management and Transportation Engineering, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
DII, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
Heliyon. 2024 Feb 11;10(4):e26016. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26016. eCollection 2024 Feb 29.
The shipping sector is required to give a significant contribution to the reduction of Green House Gas (GHG) emissions, according to the ambitious goals fixed by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). To achieve these targets, new technologies and measures are required, related to logistics, digitalization, hydrodynamics, machinery, energy, and aftertreatment. A large potential to reduce GHG emissions is offered by alternative fuels. In this perspective a Well-to-Wake (WtW) approach is due for a comprehensive analysis. The paper is focused on the evaluation of WtW CO equivalent emission factors for LNG, methanol, and ammonia. The extensive bibliographic research on this topic outlines the large differences occurring when considering grey or green fuel production pathways. A case study based on a cruise ship allows to compare alternative fuels produced from fossil or renewable sources, considering two typical cruise profiles. Results in terms of Carbon Intensity Indicator confirms that the WtW approach points out the great potential of alternative green fuels for GHG emissions reduction.
根据国际海事组织（IMO）设定的宏伟目标，航运业需要为减少温室气体（GHG）排放做出重大贡献。为实现这些目标，需要与物流、数字化、流体动力学、机械、能源和后处理相关的新技术和措施。替代燃料具有减少温室气体排放的巨大潜力。从这个角度来看，全生命周期（WtW）方法需要进行全面分析。本文重点评估了液化天然气（LNG）、甲醇和氨的全生命周期二氧化碳当量排放因子。关于这一主题的广泛文献研究表明，在考虑灰色或绿色燃料生产途径时会出现很大差异。基于一艘游轮的案例研究能够比较由化石或可再生资源生产的替代燃料，并考虑两种典型的游轮航线。碳强度指标方面的结果证实，全生命周期方法指出了替代绿色燃料在减少温室气体排放方面的巨大潜力。
