Near-infrared-II fluorescence/magnetic resonance double modal imaging of transplanted stem cells using lanthanide co-doped gadolinium oxide nanoparticles.

To ensure maximum therapeutic safety and efficacy of stem cell transplantation, it is essential to observe the kinetics of behavior, accumulation, and engraftment of transplanted stem cells in vivo. However, it is difficult to detect transplanted stem cells with high sensitivity by conventional in vivo imaging technologies. To diagnose the kinetics of transplanted stem cells, we prepared multifunctional nanoparticles, GdO co-doped with Er and Yb (GdO: Er, Yb-NPs), and developed an in vivo double modal imaging technique with near-infrared-II (NIR-II) fluorescence imaging and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of stem cells using GdO: Er, Yb-NPs. GdO: Er, Yb-NPs were transduced into adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASCs) through a simple incubation process without cytotoxicity under certain concentrations of GdO: Er, Yb-NPs and were found not to affect the morphology of ASCs. ASCs labeled with GdO: Er, Yb-NPs were transplanted subcutaneously onto the backs of mice, and successfully imaged with good contrast using an in vivo NIR-II fluorescence imaging and MRI system. These data suggest that GdO: Er, Yb-NPs may be useful for in vivo double modal imaging with NIR-II fluorescence imaging and MRI of transplanted stem cells.