Hintikka Tuomas, Andersson Maria A, Lundell Taina, Marik Tamás, Kredics László, Mikkola Raimo, Andersson Magnus C, Kurnitski Jarek, Salonen Heidi
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
Department of Civil Engineering, Aalto University, 00076 Espoo, Finland.
Pathogens. 2024 Feb 29;13(3):217. doi: 10.3390/pathogens13030217.
It is controversial how useful bioassays are for identifying the in vivo toxicity of hazardous environmental exposures. In this study, fruiting bodies of forest mushrooms (n = 46), indoor mold colonies (n = 412), fungal secondary metabolites (n = 18), xenobiotic chemicals such as biocides and detergents (n = 6), and methanol extracts of indoor dusts from urban buildings (n = 26) were screened with two different bioactivity assays: boar sperm motility inhibition (BSMI) and inhibition of cell proliferation (ICP) tests. For the forest mushrooms, the toxicity testing result was positive for 100% of poisonous-classified species, 69% of non-edible-classified species, and 18% of edible-classified species. Colonies of 21 isolates of Ascomycota mold fungal species previously isolated from water-damaged buildings proved to be toxic in the tests. Out of the fungal metabolites and xenobiotic chemicals, 94% and 100% were toxic, respectively. Out of the indoor dusts from moldy-classified houses (n = 12) and from dry, mold-free houses (n = 14), 50% and 57% were toxic, respectively. The bioassay tests, however, could not differentiate the samples from indoor dusts of moldy-classified buildings from those from the mold-free buildings. Xenobiotic chemicals and indoor dusts were more toxic in the BSMI assay than in the ICP assay, whereas the opposite results were obtained with the Ascomycota mold colonies and fungal secondary metabolites. The tests recognized unknown methanol-soluble thermoresistant substances in indoor settled dusts. Toxic indoor dusts may indicate a harmful exposure, regardless of whether the toxicity is due to xenobiotic chemicals or microbial metabolites.
生物测定在识别有害环境暴露的体内毒性方面有多大用处存在争议。在本研究中，使用两种不同的生物活性测定方法对森林蘑菇子实体（n = 46）、室内霉菌菌落（n = 412）、真菌次生代谢产物（n = 18）、杀生物剂和洗涤剂等外源化学物质（n = 6）以及城市建筑物室内灰尘的甲醇提取物（n = 26）进行了筛选：公猪精子活力抑制（BSMI）试验和细胞增殖抑制（ICP）试验。对于森林蘑菇，毒性测试结果显示，100%的有毒分类物种、69%的不可食用分类物种和18%的可食用分类物种呈阳性。先前从受水损坏建筑物中分离出的21种子囊菌霉菌物种的菌落经测试证明具有毒性。在真菌代谢产物和外源化学物质中，分别有94%和100%具有毒性。在来自发霉分类房屋（n = 12）和干燥、无霉菌房屋（n = 14）的室内灰尘中，分别有50%和57%具有毒性。然而，生物测定试验无法区分来自发霉分类建筑物的室内灰尘样本和无霉菌建筑物的室内灰尘样本。外源化学物质和室内灰尘在BSMI试验中比在ICP试验中毒性更大，而子囊菌霉菌菌落和真菌次生代谢产物的结果则相反。这些试验识别出了室内沉降灰尘中未知的甲醇可溶性耐热物质。有毒的室内灰尘可能表明存在有害暴露，无论毒性是由外源化学物质还是微生物代谢产物引起的。
