GW School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States.
Social Innovation Ventures, Washington, DC, United States.
J Med Internet Res. 2024 Mar 28;26:e46412. doi: 10.2196/46412.
BACKGROUND: When the US Department of Health and Human Services instituted a State of Public Health Emergency (PHE) during the COVID-19 pandemic, many telehealth flexibilities were fast-tracked to allow state Medicaid agencies to reimburse new specialty services, sites of care, and mediums such as FaceTime to communicate with patients.. This resulted in expanded access to care for financially vulnerable Medicaid patients, as evidenced by an uptick in telehealth use. Research has mostly focused on telehealth reimbursement for limited use cases such as rural primary care, without broader consideration for how telehealth can be appropriately mainstreamed and maintained. OBJECTIVE: This study sought to (1) evaluate the continuation of flexible telehealth reimbursement broadly, beyond the COVID-19 pandemic; (2) analyze the clinical effectiveness of the new telehealth services; and (3) offer code-by-code reimbursement guidance to state Medicaid leaders. METHODS: We surveyed 10 state Medicaid medical directors (MMDs) who are responsible for the scientific and clinical appropriateness of Medicaid policies in their respective states. Participants were asked to complete an internet-based survey with a list of medical billing codes, grouped by service type, and asked if they believed they should be reimbursed by Medicaid on a permanent basis. Additional questions covered more detailed recommendations, such as reimbursing video with audio versus audio-only, guardrails for certain specialty services, and motivations behind responses. RESULTS: The MMDs felt that the majority of services should be reimbursed via some modality of telehealth after the PHE, with the most support for video combined with audio compared to audio-only. There were exceptions on both ends of the spectrum, where services such as pulmonary diagnostics were not recommended to be reimbursed in any form and services such as psychotherapy for mental health had the most support for audio-only. The vast majority of MMDs were supportive of reimbursement for remote monitoring services, but some preferred to have some reimbursement guardrails. We found that 90% (n=9) of MMDs were supportive of reimbursement for telehealth interprofessional services, while half (n=5) of the respondents felt that there should be continued guardrails for reimbursement. Motivations for continuing reimbursement flexibility were largely attributed to improving access to care, improving outcomes, and improving equity among the Medicaid patient population. CONCLUSIONS: There is a strong clinical endorsement to continue the telehealth flexibility enabled by the PHE, primarily for video combined with audio telehealth, with caution against audio-only telehealth in situations where hands-on intervention is necessary for diagnosis or treatment. There is also support for reimbursing remote monitoring services and telehealth interprofessional services, albeit with guardrails. These results are primarily from a perspective of improving access, outcomes, and equity; other state-specific factors such as fiscal impact and technical implementation may need to be taken into account when considering reimbursement decisions on telehealth.
背景:在美国 COVID-19 大流行期间,美国卫生与公众服务部宣布进入公共卫生紧急状态(PHE)后,许多远程医疗灵活性措施得以快速实施,允许州医疗补助机构报销新的专科服务、护理地点以及 FaceTime 等与患者沟通的媒介。这使得经济上脆弱的医疗补助患者获得了更多的医疗服务,远程医疗的使用量也有所增加。研究主要集中在远程医疗报销的有限使用案例上,如农村初级保健,而没有更广泛地考虑如何适当将远程医疗纳入主流并维持下去。 目的:本研究旨在:(1)评估 PHE 后广泛的远程医疗报销灵活性的延续情况;(2)分析新远程医疗服务的临床效果;(3)为州医疗补助领导人提供逐码报销指导。 方法:我们调查了 10 位州医疗补助医疗主任(MMD),他们负责各自州的医疗补助政策的科学性和临床适宜性。参与者被要求完成一项基于互联网的调查,其中列出了按服务类型分组的医疗计费代码,并被问及他们是否认为这些代码应通过医疗补助永久报销。其他问题涵盖了更详细的建议,例如视频与音频相比音频、某些专科服务的护栏以及对回答的动机。 结果:MMD 认为,在 PHE 之后,大多数服务都应该通过某种形式的远程医疗报销,与仅音频相比,最支持视频与音频结合。在这两个极端都有例外,例如肺诊断服务不建议以任何形式报销,而心理健康的心理治疗服务则最支持仅音频。绝大多数 MMD 支持远程监测服务的报销,但有些则更喜欢设置一些报销护栏。我们发现,90%(n=9)的 MMD 支持远程医疗跨专业服务的报销,而一半(n=5)的受访者认为,报销仍需要继续设置护栏。继续报销灵活性的动机主要归因于改善医疗服务的可及性、改善结果以及改善医疗补助患者群体的公平性。 结论:有强烈的临床支持继续实施 PHE 所启用的远程医疗灵活性,主要是针对视频与音频相结合的远程医疗,同时谨慎对待仅音频的远程医疗,因为在诊断或治疗需要实际干预的情况下,仅音频的远程医疗并不合适。还有人支持报销远程监测服务和远程医疗跨专业服务,但有一些报销护栏。这些结果主要来自于改善可及性、结果和公平性的角度;在考虑远程医疗报销决策时,可能需要考虑其他州特定因素,如财政影响和技术实施。
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