Nguyen Thi H O, Rowntree Louise C, Chua Brendon Y, Thwaites Ryan S, Kedzierska Katherine
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
Nat Rev Immunol. 2024 Oct;24(10):720-735. doi: 10.1038/s41577-024-01029-1. Epub 2024 May 2.
Influenza A viruses remain a global threat to human health, with continued pandemic potential. In this Review, we discuss our current understanding of the optimal immune responses that drive recovery from influenza virus infection, highlighting the fine balance between protective immune mechanisms and detrimental immunopathology. We describe the contribution of innate and adaptive immune cells, inflammatory modulators and antibodies to influenza virus-specific immunity, inflammation and immunopathology. We highlight recent human influenza virus challenge studies that advance our understanding of susceptibility to influenza and determinants of symptomatic disease. We also describe studies of influenza virus-specific immunity in high-risk groups following infection and vaccination that inform the design of future vaccines to promote optimal antiviral immunity, particularly in vulnerable populations. Finally, we draw on lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic to refocus our attention to the ever-changing, highly mutable influenza A virus, predicted to cause future global pandemics.
甲型流感病毒仍然是对人类健康的全球威胁，具有持续的大流行潜力。在本综述中，我们讨论了目前对驱动流感病毒感染康复的最佳免疫反应的理解，强调了保护性免疫机制与有害免疫病理学之间的微妙平衡。我们描述了先天免疫细胞和适应性免疫细胞、炎症调节因子及抗体对流感病毒特异性免疫、炎症和免疫病理学的贡献。我们重点介绍了近期的人类流感病毒挑战研究，这些研究推进了我们对流感易感性及症状性疾病决定因素的理解。我们还描述了高危人群感染和接种疫苗后流感病毒特异性免疫的研究，这些研究为未来疫苗的设计提供了信息，以促进最佳抗病毒免疫，尤其是在脆弱人群中。最后，我们借鉴新冠疫情的经验教训，将注意力重新聚焦于不断变化、高度易变的甲型流感病毒，预计该病毒将引发未来的全球大流行。
