An insight into MDR Acinetobacter baumannii infection and its pathogenesis: Potential therapeutic targets and challenges.

Acinetobacter baumannii is observed as a common species of Gram-negative bacteria that exist in soil and water. Despite being accepted as a typical component of human skin flora, it has become an important opportunistic pathogen, especially in healthcare settings. The pathogenicity of A. baumannii is attributed to its virulence factors, which include adhesins, pili, lipopolysaccharides, outer membrane proteins, iron uptake systems, autotransporter, secretion systems, phospholipases etc. These elements provide the bacterium the ability to cling to and penetrate host cells, get past the host immune system, and destroy tissue. Its infection is a major contributor to human pathophysiological conditions including pneumonia, bloodstream infections, urinary tract infections, and surgical site infections. It is challenging to treat infections brought on by this pathogen since this bacterium has evolved to withstand numerous drugs and further emergence of drug-resistant A. baumannii results in higher rates of morbidity and mortality. The long-term survival of this bacterium on surfaces of medical supplies and hospital furniture facilitates its frequent spread in humans from one habitat to another. There is a need for urgent investigations to find effective drug targets for A. baumannii as well as designing novel drugs to reduce the survival and spread of infection. In the current review, we represent the specific features, pathogenesis, and molecular intricacies of crucial drug targets of A. baumannii. This would also assist in proposing strategies and alternative therapies for the prevention and treatment of A. baumannii infections and their spread.