DEDSPAZA Laboratory, Department of Agronomical Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences and Natural and Life Sciences, University of Biskra, Biskra, Algeria.
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
Mycotoxin Res. 2024 Aug;40(3):447-456. doi: 10.1007/s12550-024-00537-2. Epub 2024 May 16.
Poultry farming has developed into one of Algeria's most productive industrial farming because of the growing demand for sources of protein among Algerian society. Laying hen feed consists mainly of cereals, which can be contaminated with molds and subsequently with their secondary metabolites known as mycotoxins. These later can pose a serious danger to the production and quality of eggs in the commercial layer industry. This work focuses on the detection of emerging mycotoxins, mainly enniatins (ENNs) and beauvericin (BEA), in poultry feed and eggs from different locations in Algeria. Two different QuEChERS-based extractions were established to extract ENNs and BEA from chicken feed and eggs. The determination of mycotoxin occurrence was achieved by a UHPLC-MS/MS method using 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in water and MeOH as mobile phase, an ESI interface operating in positive mode, and a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in MRM for the detection. Matrix-matched calibration curves were carried out for both matrices, obtaining good linearity (R > 0.99). The method performance was assessed in terms of extraction recovery (from 87 to 107%), matrix effect (from - 47 to - 86%), precision (RSD < 15%), and limits of quantitation (≤ 1.1 µg/kg for feed and ≤ 0.8 µg/kg for eggs). The analysis of 10 chicken feed samples and 35 egg samples composed of a 10-egg pool each showed that ENN B was the most common mycotoxin (i.e., found in 9 feed samples) with contamination levels ranging from 3.6 to 41.5 µg/kg, while BEA was detected only in one feed sample (12 µg/kg). However, eggs were not found to be contaminated with any mycotoxin at the detection limit levels. Our findings indicate that the searched mycotoxins are present in traces in feed and absent in eggs. This can be explained by the application of a mycotoxin binder. However, this does not put a stop on the conduction of additional research and ultimately setting regulations to prevent the occurrence of emerging mycotoxins.
家禽养殖业已发展成为阿尔及利亚最具生产力的工业养殖之一，因为阿尔及利亚社会对蛋白质来源的需求不断增长。蛋鸡饲料主要由谷物组成，这些谷物可能会受到霉菌的污染，进而受到其次级代谢产物，即霉菌毒素的污染。这些毒素后来可能会对商业蛋鸡行业的生产和鸡蛋质量构成严重威胁。这项工作专注于检测阿尔及利亚不同地区家禽饲料和鸡蛋中新兴霉菌毒素，主要是恩镰孢菌素（ENNs）和 beauvericin（BEA）。建立了两种不同的基于 QuEChERS 的提取方法，从鸡饲料和鸡蛋中提取 ENNs 和 BEA。通过使用 0.1%（v/v）甲酸在水中和 MeOH 作为流动相、ESI 接口在正模式下工作、三重四极杆质谱仪在 MRM 下检测的 UHPLC-MS/MS 方法来确定霉菌毒素的存在。对两种基质进行了基质匹配校准曲线，均获得了良好的线性（R > 0.99）。该方法的性能通过提取回收率（87%至 107%）、基质效应（-47%至-86%）、精密度（RSD < 15%）和定量限（饲料 ≤ 1.1 µg/kg，鸡蛋 ≤ 0.8 µg/kg）进行了评估。对 10 个鸡饲料样本和 35 个鸡蛋样本（每个样本由 10 个鸡蛋组成）进行了分析，结果表明，ENN B 是最常见的霉菌毒素（即在 9 个饲料样本中发现），污染水平范围为 3.6 至 41.5 µg/kg，而 BEA 仅在一个饲料样本中检测到（12 µg/kg）。然而，在检测限水平下，鸡蛋未发现受到任何霉菌毒素的污染。我们的研究结果表明，所研究的霉菌毒素在饲料中以痕量存在，在鸡蛋中不存在。这可以用霉菌毒素结合剂的应用来解释。然而，这并没有阻止进行更多的研究，并最终制定法规来防止新兴霉菌毒素的出现。
