Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA.
Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.
J Res Adolesc. 2024 Dec;34(4):1232-1246. doi: 10.1111/jora.12964. Epub 2024 Jun 6.
Adolescent cognitive and behavioral regulation is influenced by multidimensional and multidirectional processes within and across biological and contextual systems that shift throughout development. Key among these influences are distal processes such as early life socioeconomic position (SEP), and proximal processes such as pubertal development, but questions remain concerning how links between SEP, pubertal development, and cognitive and behavioral regulation accumulate and unfold over adolescence. In the current study, and in line with Dr. John Schulenberg's foundational work, direct associations between SEP, puberty, and adolescent cognitive and behavioral regulation were examined; then pubertal timing and tempo were considered as moderators and mediators of links between SEP and adolescent cognitive and behavioral regulation. Data were drawn from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, a longitudinal study of 970 youth (52% male; 80% White, 13% Black, and 7% another race/ethnicity). Cognitive and behavioral regulation was measured using direct assessments of working memory, planning, risky decision-making, and impulse control at age 15. SEP included maternal education and family income-to-needs and was averaged from birth to 54 months old; estimates of pubertal timing and tempo were derived using logistic growth curve models from age 9 to age 15. SEP was directly associated with cognitive and behavioral regulation. Pubertal development tended to moderate those links, but rarely mediated them. Specifically, socioeconomic disadvantage along with earlier timing or faster tempo tended to be associated with worse cognitive and behavioral regulation. Overall, findings suggest that pubertal timing and tempo may exacerbate existing environmental constraints.
青少年的认知和行为调节受到生物和环境系统内及跨系统的多维和多向过程的影响，这些过程在整个发展过程中发生变化。这些影响中最重要的是早期生活社会经济地位（SEP）等远距离过程，以及青春期发育等近距离过程，但关于 SEP、青春期发育与认知和行为调节之间的联系如何在青少年时期积累和展开，仍存在一些问题。在当前的研究中，我们遵循 John Schulenberg 博士的开创性工作，研究了 SEP、青春期和青少年认知和行为调节之间的直接关联；然后考虑了青春期发育的时间和速度作为 SEP 与青少年认知和行为调节之间联系的调节和中介因素。数据来自 NICHD 早期儿童保育和青年发展研究，这是一项对 970 名青少年（52%为男性；80%为白人，13%为黑人，7%为其他种族/族裔）的纵向研究。使用工作记忆、计划、冒险决策和冲动控制的直接评估在 15 岁时测量认知和行为调节。SEP 包括母亲的教育程度和家庭收入与需求的比率，从出生到 54 个月大时的平均值；青春期发育的时间和速度的估计值是使用从 9 岁到 15 岁的逻辑增长曲线模型得出的。SEP 与认知和行为调节直接相关。青春期发育往往会调节这些联系，但很少作为中介。具体来说，社会经济劣势以及较早的时间或更快的速度往往与较差的认知和行为调节有关。总的来说，研究结果表明，青春期发育的时间和速度可能会加剧现有的环境限制。
