Surface engineering of pure magnesium in medical implant applications.

This review comprehensively surveys the latest advancements in surface modification of pure magnesium (Mg) in recent years, with a focus on various cost-effective procedures, comparative analyses, and assessments of outcomes, addressing the merits and drawbacks of pure Mg and its alloys. Diverse economically feasible methods for surface modification, such as hydrothermal processes and ultrasonic micro-arc oxidation (UMAO), are discussed, emphasizing their exceptional performance in enhancing surface properties. The attention is directed towards the biocompatibility and corrosion resistance of pure Mg, underscoring the remarkable efficacy of techniques such as Ca-deficientca-deficient hydroxyapatite (CDHA)/MgF bi-layer coating and UMAO coating in electrochemical processes. These methods open up novel avenues for the application of pure Mg in medical implants. Emphasis is placed on the significance of adhering to the principles of reinforcing the foundation and addressing the source. The advocacy is for a judicious approach to corrosion protection on high-purity Mg surfaces, aiming to optimize the overall mechanical performance. Lastly, a call is made for future in-depth investigations into areas such as composite coatings and the biodegradation mechanisms of pure Mg surfaces, aiming to propel the field towards more sustainable and innovative developments.