Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SP 8, Monserrato-Sestu km 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy.
Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Enviromental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, SI, Italy.
Molecules. 2024 May 30;29(11):2577. doi: 10.3390/molecules29112577.
This study investigates the chemical composition, nutritional, and biological properties of extracts obtained from berries using different extraction methods and solvents. Hydrodistillation and supercritical fluid extraction with CO allowed us to isolate fruit essential oil (HD) and fixed oil (SFE), respectively. A phenol-enriched extract was obtained using a mild ultrasound-assisted maceration with methanol (UAM). The HD most abundant component, using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS), was italicene epoxide (17.2%), followed by hexadecanoic acid (12.4%), khusinol (10.5%), limonene (9.7%), dodecanoic acid (9.7%), and (E)-anethole (6.1%). Linoleic (348.9 mg/g of extract, 70.5%), oleic (88.9 mg/g, 17.9%), and palmitic (40.8 mg/g, 8.2%) acids, followed by α-linolenic and stearic acids, were the main fatty acids in SFE determined using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector and an evaporative light scattering detector (HPLC-DAD/ELSD). HPLC-DAD analyses of SFE identified β-carotene as the main carotenoid (1.7 mg/g), while HPLC with fluorescence detection (FLU) evidenced α-tocopherol (1.2 mg/g) as the most abundant tocopherol isoform in SFE. Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-MS (LC-ESI-MS) analysis of UAM showed the presence of quercetin-sulfate (15.6%, major component), malvidin 3--(6--p-coumaroyl) glucoside-4-vinylphenol adduct (pigment B) (9.3%), di-caffeoyl coumaroyl spermidine (7.6%), methyl-epigallocatechin (5.68%), and phloretin (4.1%), while flavonoids (70.5%) and phenolic acids (23.9%) emerged as the most abundant polyphenol classes. UAM exerted a complete inhibition of the cholesterol oxidative degradation at 140 °C from 75 μg of extract, showing 50% protection at 30.6 μg (IA). Furthermore, UAM significantly reduced viability (31-48%) in A375 melanoma cells in the range of 500-2000 μg/mL after 96 h of incubation (MTT assay), with a low toxic effect in normal HaCaT keratinocytes. The results of this research extend the knowledge of the nutritional and biological properties of berries, providing useful information on specific extracts for potential food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical applications.
本研究采用不同的提取方法和溶剂，对浆果提取物的化学成分、营养成分和生物活性进行了研究。采用水蒸馏和超临界 CO2 萃取分别得到了果实精油（HD）和固定油（SFE）。采用温和超声辅助甲醇提取法（UAM）得到了富含酚类的提取物。使用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC/MS）对 HD 进行分析，结果表明含量最高的组分为异大根香叶烯氧化物（17.2%），其次为十六烷酸（12.4%）、khusinol（10.5%）、柠檬烯（9.7%）、十二烷酸（9.7%）和(E)-茴香脑（6.1%）。使用高效液相色谱法与光电二极管阵列检测器和蒸发光散射检测器（HPLC-DAD/ELSD）联用，对 SFE 中的脂肪酸进行分析，结果表明亚油酸（348.9mg/g，70.5%）、油酸（88.9mg/g，17.9%）和棕榈酸（40.8mg/g，8.2%）是 SFE 中的主要脂肪酸，其次是α-亚麻酸和硬脂酸。HPLC-DAD 分析表明 SFE 中的主要类胡萝卜素为β-胡萝卜素（1.7mg/g），而 HPLC 荧光检测（FLU）则表明 SFE 中最丰富的生育酚异构体为α-生育酚（1.2mg/g）。UAM 的液相色谱-电喷雾电离质谱（LC-ESI-MS）分析表明，其主要成分为槲皮素-3-O-硫酸盐（15.6%）、矢车菊素 3--（6--对香豆酰基）葡萄糖苷-4-乙烯基苯酚加合物（色素 B）（9.3%）、二咖啡酰奎宁酸亚精胺（7.6%）、甲基-表没食子儿茶素（5.68%）和根皮素（4.1%），同时，黄酮类化合物（70.5%）和酚酸类化合物（23.9%）是最丰富的多酚类化合物。UAM 在 140°C 下从 75μg 的提取物中完全抑制了胆固醇的氧化降解，在 30.6μg 时显示出 50%的保护作用（IA）。此外，UAM 在孵育 96 小时后，在 500-2000μg/mL 的范围内显著降低了 A375 黑素瘤细胞的活力（31-48%）（MTT 测定），而对正常 HaCaT 角质形成细胞的毒性较低。本研究结果扩展了对浆果营养和生物活性的认识，为特定提取物在食品、化妆品和制药方面的潜在应用提供了有用的信息。
