Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano, 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy.
Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132 Genoa, Italy.
Int J Mol Sci. 2024 Jun 29;25(13):7182. doi: 10.3390/ijms25137182.
The increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens causes difficult-to-treat infections with long-term hospitalizations and a high incidence of death, thus representing a global public health problem. To manage MDR bacteria bugs, new antimicrobial strategies are necessary, and their introduction in practice is a daily challenge for scientists in the field. An extensively studied approach to treating MDR infections consists of inducing high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by several methods. Although further clinical investigations are mandatory on the possible toxic effects of ROS on mammalian cells, clinical evaluations are extremely promising, and their topical use to treat infected wounds and ulcers, also in presence of biofilm, is already clinically approved. Biochar (BC) is a carbonaceous material obtained by pyrolysis of different vegetable and animal biomass feedstocks at 200-1000 °C in the limited presence of O. Recently, it has been demonstrated that BC's capability of removing organic and inorganic xenobiotics is mainly due to the presence of persistent free radicals (PFRs), which can activate oxygen, HO, or persulfate in the presence or absence of transition metals by electron transfer, thus generating ROS, which in turn degrade pollutants by advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). In this context, the antibacterial effects of BC-containing PFRs have been demonstrated by some authors against and , thus giving birth to our idea of the possible use of BC-derived PFRs as a novel method capable of inducing ROS generation for antimicrobial oxidative therapy. Here, the general aspects concerning ROS physiological and pathological production and regulation and the mechanism by which they could exert antimicrobial effects have been reviewed. The methods currently adopted to induce ROS production for antimicrobial oxidative therapy have been discussed. Finally, for the first time, BC-related PFRs have been proposed as a new source of ROS for antimicrobial therapy via AOPs.
越来越多的多药耐药（MDR）病原体的出现导致了治疗困难的感染，这些感染需要长期住院治疗，且死亡率较高，因此成为了一个全球性的公共卫生问题。为了控制 MDR 细菌，需要新的抗菌策略，而这些策略在实践中的引入对该领域的科学家来说是一项日常挑战。一种经过广泛研究的治疗 MDR 感染的方法是通过多种方法诱导高水平的活性氧（ROS）。尽管进一步的临床研究对于 ROS 对哺乳动物细胞的可能毒性作用是必要的，但临床评估非常有希望，其局部用于治疗感染性伤口和溃疡，甚至在生物膜存在的情况下，已经在临床上得到了批准。生物炭（BC）是一种碳质材料，通过在 200-1000°C 的有限氧气存在下，对不同的植物和动物生物质原料进行热解而获得。最近，已经证明 BC 去除有机和无机异生物质的能力主要归因于持久自由基（PFRs）的存在，PFRs 可以通过电子转移在过渡金属存在或不存在的情况下激活氧、HO 或过硫酸盐，从而产生 ROS，ROS 进而通过高级氧化工艺（AOPs）降解污染物。在这种情况下，一些作者已经证明了含有 PFRs 的 BC 的抗菌作用，对抗 和 ，从而使我们产生了使用源自 BC 的 PFRs 作为一种新方法的想法，这种方法能够诱导 ROS 生成，从而用于抗菌氧化治疗。在这里，综述了 ROS 生理和病理产生和调节的一般方面，以及它们可能发挥抗菌作用的机制。讨论了目前用于诱导 ROS 产生以进行抗菌氧化治疗的方法。最后，首次提出了与 BC 相关的 PFRs 作为通过 AOPs 进行抗菌治疗的新 ROS 来源。
