The HLA Research Group, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Brain Sciences Center, Minneapolis VAMC, One Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN, 55417, USA.
Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
Sci Rep. 2024 Jul 13;14(1):16179. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-65707-9.
Several viruses have been implicated in breast cancer, including human herpes virus 4 (HHV4), human herpes virus 5 (HHV5), human papilloma virus (HPV), human JC polyoma virus (JCV), human endogenous retrovirus group K (HERVK), bovine leukemia virus (BLV) and mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV). Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) is involved in virus elimination and has been shown to influence breast cancer protection/susceptibility. Here we investigated the hypothesis that the contribution of a virus to development of breast cancer would depend on the presence of the virus, which, in turn, would be inversely related to the success of its elimination. For that purpose, we estimated in silico predicted binding affinities (PBA) of proteins of the 7 viruses above to 127 common HLA alleles (69 Class I [HLA-I] and 58 Class II HLA-II]) and investigated the association of these binding affinities to the breast cancer-HLA (BC-HLA) immunogenetic profile of the same alleles. Using hierarchical tree clustering, we found that, for HLA-I, viruses BLV, JCV and MMTV were grouped with the BC-HLA, whereas, for HLA-II, viruses BLV, HERVK, HPV, JCV, and MMTV were grouped with BC-HLA. Finally, for both HLA classes, the average PBAs of the viruses grouped with the BC-HLA profile were significantly lower than those of the other, non BC-HLA associated viruses. Assuming that low PBAs are likely associated with slower viral elimination, these findings support the hypothesis that a defective/slower elimination and, hence, longer persistence and inefficient/delayed production of antibodies against them underlies the observed association of the low-PBA group with breast cancer.
多种病毒与乳腺癌相关,包括人类疱疹病毒 4(HHV4)、人类疱疹病毒 5(HHV5)、人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)、人类 JC 多瘤病毒(JCV)、人类内源性逆转录病毒组 K(HERVK)、牛白血病病毒(BLV)和鼠乳腺肿瘤病毒(MMTV)。人类白细胞抗原(HLA)参与病毒清除,并且已经显示出影响乳腺癌保护/易感性。在这里,我们假设病毒对乳腺癌发展的贡献将取决于病毒的存在,而病毒的存在又与病毒清除的成功与否成反比。为此,我们通过计算预测了上述 7 种病毒的蛋白质与 127 种常见 HLA 等位基因(69 种 HLA-I 和 58 种 HLA-II)的结合亲和力(PBA),并研究了这些结合亲和力与相同等位基因的乳腺癌-HLA(BC-HLA)免疫遗传特征的相关性。使用层次树聚类,我们发现对于 HLA-I,BLV、JCV 和 MMTV 这三种病毒与 BC-HLA 相关,而对于 HLA-II,BLV、HERVK、HPV、JCV 和 MMTV 这四种病毒与 BC-HLA 相关。最后,对于这两种 HLA 类别,与 BC-HLA 相关的病毒的平均 PBA 显著低于其他非 BC-HLA 相关的病毒。假设低 PBA 可能与病毒清除较慢有关,这些发现支持这样一种假设,即缺陷/较慢的清除,因此,更长时间的持续存在和针对它们的抗体产生效率低下/延迟,是低 PBA 组与乳腺癌相关的基础。
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