Roy Mithu Chandra, Chowdhury Tonmoy, Hossain Muhammad Tafazzal, Hasan Md Mahmudul, Zahran Eman, Rahman Md Masudur, Zinnah Kazi Mohammad Ali, Rahman Md Mahfujur, Hossain Ferdaus Mohd Altaf
Department of Dairy Science, Faculty of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Bangladesh.
Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Egypt.
One Health. 2024 Jan 17;18:100680. doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100680. eCollection 2024 Jun.
Methicillin-Resistant (MRSA) is a ubiquitous public health challenge, with its prevalence in human, animal, and environmental interfaces posing significant concerns. This study aimed to characterize and detect the zoonotic linkages of MRSA within the cow-environment-human interfaces in dairy farms to address the One Health perspective. A comprehensive investigation, involving 636 samples (an equal number of raw milk and cow nasal swab samples, along with varying numbers of human nasal swab and environmental samples), revealed an overall MRSA prevalence of 13.4% ( = 271/636). Notably, environmental samples exhibited the highest prevalence (19.3%), emphasizing the potential role of farm surroundings in MRSA transmission, while the lowest prevalence was found in raw milk at 11.8% ( = 31/263). The prevalence in cow nasal swabs and human nasal swabs was 13.3% ( = 35/263) and 15.1% ( = 8/53), respectively. Multiplex PCR analysis revealed the presence of different Staphylococcal enterotoxin (SEa, SEb, SEc, and SEd), and exfoliative toxin-producing genes (Eta, Etb) within the MRSA isolates underlining their potential to induce public health threats. All MRSA isolates exhibited complete resistance to Oxacillin (100%) and Amoxicillin (100%), while the highest sensitivity was observed for Vancomycin (85.8%). Furthermore, these MRSA strains demonstrated varying degrees of resistance to other commonly used antimicrobial drugs, including Cefoxitin (75.3%), Ceftarolin (71.2%), Sulfamethoxazole-Trimethoprim (63.5%), Ciprofloxacin (60%), and Gentamicin (49.5%). Detection of MRSA in cow, human, and environmental samples within the same farm vicinity highlights the risk of zoonotic transmission of MRSA from cows to humans through environmental interfaces. Phylogenetic analysis of the gene in MRSA isolates from all sources within the same farm revealed a high similarity index (>84%) among them suggesting a shared evolutionary origin. Moreover, the MRSA isolates from milk samples showed a close evolutionary relationship with isolates from Kenya and Brazil, while the isolates from humans and the environment displayed noticeable resemblance to isolates from several Asian countries. The findings emphasize the importance of collaborative efforts under the One Health framework to address this multifaceted issue and ensure the safety of our food supply and public health.
耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）是一个普遍存在的公共卫生挑战，其在人类、动物和环境界面中的流行引发了重大关注。本研究旨在描述和检测奶牛场中奶牛 - 环境 - 人类界面内MRSA的人畜共患病联系，以从“同一健康”视角解决该问题。一项全面调查涉及636个样本（等量的生乳和奶牛鼻拭子样本，以及不同数量的人类鼻拭子和环境样本），结果显示MRSA总体流行率为13.4%（n = 271/636）。值得注意的是，环境样本的流行率最高（19.3%），突出了农场周边环境在MRSA传播中的潜在作用，而生乳中的流行率最低，为11.8%（n = 31/263）。奶牛鼻拭子和人类鼻拭子中的流行率分别为13.3%（n = 35/263）和15.1%（n = 8/53）。多重PCR分析显示，MRSA分离株中存在不同的葡萄球菌肠毒素（SEa、SEb、SEc和SEd）以及产生剥脱毒素的基因（Eta、Etb），这突出了它们引发公共卫生威胁的潜力。所有MRSA分离株对苯唑西林（100%）和阿莫西林（100%）均表现出完全耐药，而对万古霉素的敏感性最高（85.8%）。此外，这些MRSA菌株对其他常用抗菌药物表现出不同程度的耐药性，包括头孢西丁（75.3%）、头孢托罗（71.2%）、磺胺甲恶唑 - 甲氧苄啶（63.5%）、环丙沙星（60%）和庆大霉素（49.5%）。在同一农场附近的奶牛、人类和环境样本中检测到MRSA，凸显了MRSA通过环境界面从奶牛传播给人类的人畜共患病风险。对同一农场内所有来源的MRSA分离株中 基因的系统发育分析显示，它们之间具有较高的相似性指数（>84%），表明有共同的进化起源。此外，来自牛奶样本的MRSA分离株与来自肯尼亚和巴西的分离株显示出密切的进化关系，而来自人类和环境的分离株与来自几个亚洲国家的分离株表现出明显的相似性。这些发现强调了在“同一健康”框架下共同努力解决这一多方面问题并确保我们的食品供应和公共卫生安全的重要性。
