Faculty of Science and Technology, London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, UK.
Performance Department, Ipswich Town Football Club, Ipswich, UK.
Sports Med. 2024 Oct;54(10):2607-2644. doi: 10.1007/s40279-024-02071-8. Epub 2024 Jul 18.
Strength and power represent two crucial physical qualities for the attainment of a high level of performance considering the frequency and the importance of explosive actions occurring during elite soccer match-play. Evaluation of strength and power is a multifaceted concept involving a vast array of tests and outcome variables. Nevertheless, a comprehensive and systematic search of strength and power assessment procedures in elite soccer has yet to be undertaken.
The aims of this systematic review were to: (1) identify the tests and outcome variables used to assess strength and power of elite male soccer players; (2) provide normative values for the most common tests of strength and power across different playing levels; and (3) report the reliability values of these strength and power tests.
A systematic review of the academic databases MEDLINE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science and OVID for studies published until August 2023 was conducted, following the Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they: (1) were original research studies, published in a peer-reviewed journal, and written in English language; (2) had the primary aim to assess strength and/or power; (3) players were male and older than 17 years of age (i.e., mean age of the group); and (4) their playing level was defined as "professional", "international" or "elite".
Regarding strength testing, 115 studies and 29 different tests were identified. The three most frequent strength tests were the knee extensor isokinetic strength test (58 studies), the knee flexor isokinetic strength test (55 studies) and the Nordic hamstring strength test (13 studies). In terms of power testing, 127 studies with 31 different tests were included. The three most frequent power tests were the countermovement jump with hands fixed on hips (99 studies), the squat jump (48 studies) and the vertical jump with arm swing (29 studies).
The wide range of different tests and outcome variables identified in this systematic review highlights the large diversity in the employed testing procedures. The establishment of a hybrid testing approach, combining standardised and widely accepted tests for establishing normative standards and enabling comparisons across different contexts, with flexible context-specific testing batteries, has the potential to maximise the impact of testing information for practitioners. In addition, the limited reporting of reliability data across studies highlights the need for practitioners to establish their own reliability measure within their specific contexts, informing the selection of certain tests and outcome variables.
考虑到精英足球比赛中频繁发生的爆发力动作的频率和重要性，力量和爆发力是达到高水平表现的两个关键身体素质。力量和爆发力的评估是一个多方面的概念，涉及到大量的测试和结果变量。然而，对于精英足球中的力量和爆发力评估程序，还没有进行全面系统的研究。
本系统综述的目的是：（1）确定评估精英男性足球运动员力量和爆发力的测试和结果变量；（2）提供不同比赛水平下最常见力量和爆发力测试的常模值；（3）报告这些力量和爆发力测试的可靠性值。
按照系统评价和荟萃分析的首选报告项目（PRISMA）指南，对 MEDLINE、CINAHL、SPORTDiscus、Web of Science 和 OVID 学术数据库进行了截至 2023 年 8 月的研究的系统综述。符合纳入标准的研究为：（1）原始研究，发表在同行评议的期刊上，用英语书写；（2）主要目的是评估力量和/或爆发力；（3）参与者为男性，年龄大于 17 岁（即，组的平均年龄）；（4）他们的比赛水平定义为“职业”、“国际”或“精英”。
在力量测试方面，确定了 115 项研究和 29 项不同的测试。最常用的三项力量测试是膝关节伸肌等速力量测试（58 项研究）、膝关节屈肌等速力量测试（55 项研究）和北欧式腿筋力量测试（13 项研究）。在功率测试方面，共纳入 127 项研究和 31 项不同的测试。最常用的三项功率测试是双手固定在臀部的反向跳跃（99 项研究）、深蹲跳跃（48 项研究）和带手臂摆动的垂直跳跃（29 项研究）。
本系统综述中确定的大量不同的测试和结果变量突出表明，所采用的测试程序存在很大的差异。建立一个混合测试方法，结合标准化和广泛接受的测试来建立常模标准，并使不同背景下的比较成为可能，同时结合灵活的特定背景测试电池，有可能使从业者获得的测试信息产生最大影响。此外，由于研究中报告的可靠性数据有限，从业者需要在其特定背景下建立自己的可靠性衡量标准，从而选择某些测试和结果变量。
