Patrick Fagan University of the Arts London, United Kingdom.
Curr Opin Psychol. 2024 Aug;58:101844. doi: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101844. Epub 2024 Jul 10.
Internet users are inundated with attempts to persuade, including digital nudges like defaults, friction, and reinforcement. When these nudges fail to be transparent, optional, and beneficial, they can become 'dark patterns', categorised here under the acronym FORCES (Frame, Obstruct, Ruse, Compel, Entangle, Seduce). Elsewhere, psychological principles like negativity bias, the curiosity gap, and fluency are exploited to make social content viral, while more covert tactics including astroturfing, meta-nudging, and inoculation are used to manufacture consensus. The power of these techniques is set to increase in line with technological advances such as predictive algorithms, generative AI, and virtual reality. Digital nudges can be used for altruistic purposes including protection against manipulation, but behavioural interventions have mixed effects at best.
互联网用户受到各种说服手段的狂轰滥炸，包括默认设置、人为制造障碍、误导、强迫和诱惑等数字手段。如果这些手段不够透明、非强制性和有益的话，它们就可能成为“黑暗模式”，在这里我们将其归类为 FORCES（框架、阻碍、欺骗、强迫、纠缠、诱惑）。此外，还有一些心理学原理，如负面偏差、好奇心差距和流畅性，被用来让社交内容传播开来，而更隐蔽的策略，如制造虚假舆论、元诱导和接种疫苗，则被用来制造共识。随着预测算法、生成式人工智能和虚拟现实等技术的进步，这些技术的威力只会越来越大。数字手段可以用于利他目的，包括防止被操纵，但行为干预的效果充其量也只是好坏参半。
