Laera Gianvito, Mioni Giovanna, Vanneste Sandrine, Silvia Bisiacchi Patrizia, Hering Alexandra, Kliegel Matthias
Cognitive Aging Lab (CAL), Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
Centre for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
J Cogn. 2024 Jul 16;7(1):56. doi: 10.5334/joc.388. eCollection 2024.
Several studies have suggested that time monitoring is important for appropriate time-based prospective memory (TBPM). However, it is still unknown if people actively use internal timing processes to monitor the approaching target time, and whether they do so by tracking the duration between clock digits, or by counting and matching the numerical progression of clock ticks' digits with the target time. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated whether a manipulation of the external time affected time monitoring and TBPM performance. In two experiments, participants performed two identical TBPM tasks: a first TBPM block with no clock-speed manipulation followed by a second TBPM block, where the clock-speed was manipulated as faster or slower (experimental conditions) or normal (control condition). The results showed that only participants in the slower clock condition increased time monitoring in the second compared to the first TBPM block ( = 0.42 and 1.70); moreover, particularly in Experiment 2, participants in the faster clock condition checked the clock significantly less frequently than participants in the slower clock ( = -1.70) and in the control condition ( = -0.98), but only during the 4 minute. No effect was found for TBPM performance. Overall, results suggested that people tracked the target time by counting and matching the numerical progression of clock ticks' digits with the target time. The findings are discussed considering the most recent theoretical advancements about the relationship between time perception and TBPM.
多项研究表明，时间监控对于恰当的基于时间的前瞻记忆（TBPM）很重要。然而，人们是否积极运用内部计时过程来监控即将到来的目标时间，以及他们是通过追踪时钟数字之间的时长，还是通过对时钟滴答声数字的计数和匹配来做到这一点，目前仍不清楚。因此，在本研究中，我们调查了外部时间的操控是否会影响时间监控和TBPM表现。在两项实验中，参与者执行两项相同的TBPM任务：第一个TBPM阶段不进行时钟速度操控，随后是第二个TBPM阶段，此时时钟速度被操控为更快或更慢（实验条件）或正常（对照条件）。结果显示，只有处于较慢时钟条件下的参与者在第二个TBPM阶段相比于第一个阶段增加了时间监控（t = 0.42和1.70）；此外，特别是在实验2中，处于较快时钟条件下的参与者查看时钟的频率显著低于处于较慢时钟条件下的参与者（t = -1.70）以及对照条件下的参与者（t = -0.98），但仅在4分钟期间如此。未发现对TBPM表现有影响。总体而言，结果表明人们通过对时钟滴答声数字的计数和与目标时间的匹配来追踪目标时间。我们结合关于时间感知与TBPM之间关系的最新理论进展对这些发现进行了讨论。
