Winget C M, DeRoshia C W, Holley D C
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1985 Oct;17(5):498-516.
Daily or circadian rhythmical oscillations occur in several physiological and behavioral functions that contribute to athletic performance. These functions include resting levels of sensory motor, perceptual, and cognitive performance and several neuromuscular, behavioral, cardiovascular, and metabolic variables. In addition, circadian rhythms have been reported in many indices of aerobic capacity, in certain physiological variables at different exercise levels, and, in a few studies, in actual athletic performance proficiency. Circadian rhythmicity in components of athletic performance can be modulated by workload, psychological stressors, motivation, "morningness/eveningness" differences, social interaction, lighting, sleep disturbances, the "postlunch dip" phenomenon, altitude, dietary constituents, gender, and age. These rhythms can significantly influence performance depending upon the time of day at which the athletic endeavor takes place. Disturbance of circadian rhythmicity resulting from transmeridian flight across several time zones can result in fatigue, malaise, sleep disturbance, gastrointestinal problems, and performance deterioration in susceptible individuals (circadian dysrhythmia or "jet-lag"). Factors influencing the degree of impairment and duration of readaptation include direction of flight, rhythm synchronizer intensity, dietary constituents and timing of meals, and individual factors such as morningness/eveningness, personality traits, and motivation. It is the intent of the authors to increase awareness of circadian rhythmic influences upon physiology and performance and to provide a scientific data base for the human circadian system so that coaches and athletes can make reasonable decisions to reduce the negative impact of jet-lag and facilitate readaptation following transmeridian travel.
每日或昼夜节律性振荡存在于多种生理和行为功能中，这些功能有助于运动表现。这些功能包括感觉运动、感知和认知表现的静息水平，以及一些神经肌肉、行为、心血管和代谢变量。此外，许多有氧运动能力指标、不同运动水平下的某些生理变量，以及在一些研究中实际运动表现熟练度方面都有昼夜节律的报道。运动表现各组成部分的昼夜节律性可受到工作量、心理压力源、动机、“晨型/夜型”差异、社交互动、光照、睡眠障碍、“午餐后低谷”现象、海拔、饮食成分、性别和年龄的调节。这些节律会根据运动活动发生的时间显著影响表现。跨多个时区的跨子午线飞行导致的昼夜节律紊乱会使易感个体出现疲劳、不适、睡眠障碍、胃肠道问题和表现下降（昼夜节律失调或“时差反应”）。影响损伤程度和重新适应持续时间的因素包括飞行方向、节律同步器强度、饮食成分和用餐时间，以及诸如晨型/夜型、人格特质和动机等个体因素。作者的目的是提高对昼夜节律对生理和表现影响的认识，并为人类昼夜节律系统提供科学数据库，以便教练和运动员能够做出合理决策，减少时差反应的负面影响，并促进跨子午线旅行后的重新适应。
