Reilly T
Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Polytechnic, England.
Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 1990;18(3):165-80.
Many biological functions change cyclically over a 24-h period, such cycles being referred to as circadian rhythms. The major rhythms of relevance to examine performance are those of body temperature and the sleep-wake cycle. Many components of exercise performance are closely related to the body temperature curve which peaks in the early evening. Exercise with predominantly neuromotor and cognitive components depend also on the underlying sleep-wake cycle. Some performance measures are subject to ultradian cycles and show a transient decline in the early afternoon. Optimal time of day for exercise is determined not just by endogenous rhythms but also by the nature and intensity of exercise, the population concerned, environmental conditions, and individual phase types. Environmental factors impinging on circadian rhythms include light, heat, air ionization, activity and eating patterns, and social activities. Endogenous rhythms are desynchronized when perturbed by nocturnal shift work or time-zone transitions. Coping with desynchronosis involves behavioral, dietary, or pharmacological treatments. Sleep loss interacts with circadian rhythmicity but affects cognitive function more so than gross motor actions. The existence of self-sustaining rhythms should be recognized by athletic practitioners, sports scientists concerned with experimental work and fitness testing, sports injury specialists, and sports organizers concerned with the travel plans of athletes.
许多生物功能在24小时内呈周期性变化，这种周期被称为昼夜节律。与运动表现相关的主要节律是体温和睡眠-觉醒周期的节律。运动表现的许多组成部分与傍晚达到峰值的体温曲线密切相关。主要涉及神经运动和认知成分的运动也取决于潜在的睡眠-觉醒周期。一些运动表现指标受超日周期影响，在下午早些时候会出现短暂下降。一天中运动的最佳时间不仅取决于内源性节律，还取决于运动的性质和强度、相关人群、环境条件以及个体的相位类型。影响昼夜节律的环境因素包括光照、热量、空气电离、活动和饮食模式以及社交活动。当受到夜间轮班工作或时区转换的干扰时，内源性节律会失调。应对节律失调需要行为、饮食或药物治疗。睡眠不足与昼夜节律相互作用，但对认知功能的影响比对总体运动动作的影响更大。从事运动的从业者、从事实验工作和体能测试的体育科学家、运动损伤专家以及关注运动员旅行计划的体育组织者都应该认识到自我维持节律的存在。
