Center for Health and Community, University of California, San Francisco.
Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles.
JAMA Netw Open. 2024 Jul 1;7(7):e2421841. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.21841.
Low childhood socioeconomic status (SES) is a social hallmark of aging that contributes to adult health disparities and earlier morbidity and mortality. Childhood perceptions of stress are associated with child health outcomes and may contribute to premature biological aging into adulthood.
To describe the association of childhood SES and perceived stress with midlife insulin resistance and epigenetic age and to explore whether late adolescent adiposity mediates the observed associations.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: The longitudinal cohort National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study enrolled girls aged 10 years from January 1987 to May 1988, and followed them up to 19 years of age. Participants from Richmond, California, were recruited again at midlife in 2016 to assess insulin resistance and epigenetic age. Analyses were conducted from August 2, 2023, to March 18, 2024. A total of 433 participants were eligible and included in the analyses (specific sample sizes ranged across analyses from 303 to 391).
Childhood levels of SES at 10 years of age (parental educational level and income) and perceived stress at 11 years of age.
The hypotheses tested were formulated after data collection. Outcomes included the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and the GrimAge and DunedinPACE epigenetic clocks. Waist circumference in late adolescence was tested as a mediator.
Among the 433 participants, the mean (SD) age was 39.4 (1.2) years; 218 (50.3%) were Black and 215 (49.7%) were White; and 135 (31.2%) had parents with a college degree or higher. Higher parental educational level was associated with lower HOMA-IR (B = -0.22 [95% CI, -0.41 to -0.02]; P = .03), lower midlife GrimAge (B = -1.76 [95% CI, -2.85 to -0.66] years; P = .002), and slower midlife DunedinPACE (B = -0.03 [95% CI, -6.29 to -0.002]; P = .04). Childhood perceived stress was indirectly associated through late adolescent adiposity with midlife HOMA-IR (B = 0.01 [95% CI, 0.001-0.01]; P = .02) and midlife GrimAge (B = 0.02 [95% CI, 0.003-0.04] years; P = .01).
In this longitudinal cohort study of midlife health and aging, childhood social hallmarks of aging were associated with midlife insulin resistance and epigenetic age (GrimAge and DunedinPACE). Future studies should identify malleable factors that may slow the impact of social hallmarks of aging.
较低的儿童社会经济地位（SES）是衰老的社会标志之一，它导致了成人健康差距以及更早的发病率和死亡率。儿童时期的压力感知与儿童健康结果有关，并且可能导致成年后过早的生物衰老。
描述儿童 SES 和感知压力与中年胰岛素抵抗和表观遗传年龄的关系，并探讨青少年后期肥胖是否会影响观察到的关联。
设计、地点和参与者：纵向队列国家心肺血液研究所生长与健康研究于 1987 年 1 月至 1988 年 5 月招募了年龄在 10 岁的女孩，并随访至 19 岁。来自加利福尼亚州里士满的参与者在中年于 2016 年再次被招募，以评估胰岛素抵抗和表观遗传年龄。分析于 2023 年 8 月 2 日至 2024 年 3 月 18 日进行。共有 433 名符合条件的参与者被纳入分析（具体样本量在各项分析中从 303 到 391 不等）。
10 岁时的 SES 水平（父母的教育程度和收入）和 11 岁时的感知压力。
在数据收集后提出了假设检验。结果包括稳态模型评估的胰岛素抵抗（HOMA-IR）和 GrimAge 和 DunedinPACE 表观遗传时钟。青少年后期的腰围被作为中介进行了测试。
在 433 名参与者中，平均（SD）年龄为 39.4（1.2）岁；218 名（50.3%）为黑人，215 名（49.7%）为白人；135 名（31.2%）的父母具有大学学历或更高学历。较高的父母教育程度与较低的 HOMA-IR 相关（B=-0.22[95%CI，-0.41 至-0.02]；P=0.03），较低的中年 GrimAge（B=-1.76[95%CI，-2.85 至-0.66]岁；P=0.002）和较慢的中年 DunedinPACE（B=-0.03[95%CI，-6.29 至-0.002]；P=0.04）。通过青少年后期肥胖，儿童时期的感知压力与中年 HOMA-IR（B=0.01[95%CI，0.001-0.01]；P=0.02）和中年 GrimAge（B=0.02[95%CI，0.003-0.04]岁；P=0.01）间接相关。
在这项关于中年健康和衰老的纵向队列研究中，儿童衰老的社会标志与中年胰岛素抵抗和表观遗传年龄（GrimAge 和 DunedinPACE）有关。未来的研究应确定可能减缓社会衰老标志影响的可改变因素。
