Audiological Diagnosis of Valvular and Congenital Heart Diseases in the Era of Artificial Intelligence.

In recent years, electronic stethoscopes have been combined with artificial intelligence (AI) technology to digitally acquire heart sounds, intelligently identify valvular disease and congenital heart disease, and improve the accuracy of heart disease diagnosis. The research on AI-based intelligent stethoscopy technology mainly focuses on AI algorithms, and the commonly used methods are end-to-end deep learning algorithms and machine learning algorithms based on feature extraction, and the hot spot for future research is to establish a large standardized heart sound database and unify these algorithms for external validation; in addition, different electronic stethoscopes should also be extensively compared so that the algorithms can be compatible with different. In addition, there should be extensive comparison of different electronic stethoscopes so that the algorithms can be compatible with heart sounds collected by different stethoscopes; especially importantly, the deployment of algorithms in the cloud is a major trend in the future development of artificial intelligence. Finally, the research of artificial intelligence based on heart sounds is still in the preliminary stage, although there is great progress in identifying valve disease and congenital heart disease, they are all in the research of algorithm for disease diagnosis, and there is little research on disease severity, remote monitoring, prognosis, etc., which will be a hot spot for future research.