Department of Herbal and Animal Production, Kırıkkale Vocational School, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkiye.
Department of Biology, Institute of Science, Giresun University, Giresun, Turkiye.
Chemosphere. 2024 Sep;364:143006. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.143006. Epub 2024 Aug 3.
Natural pesticides, which attract attention with safe properties, pose a threat to many non-target organisms, so their toxic effects should be studied extensively. In this study, the toxic effects of Azadirachtin, a natural insecticide derived from Azadirachta indica, were investigated by in-vivo and in-silico methods. In-vivo toxic effects were determined using the Allium test and bulbs were treated with 5 mg/L (0.5x EC), 10 mg/L (EC), and 20 mg/L (2xEC) Azadirachtin. In the groups treated with Azadirachtin, there was a decline in germination-related parameters and accordingly growth was delayed. This regression may be related to oxidative stress in the plant, and the increase in malondialdehyde and proline levels in Azadirachtin-applied groups confirms oxidative stress. Azadirachtin toxicity increased dose-dependently and the most significant toxic effect was observed in the group administered 20 mg/L Azadirachtin. In this group, the mitotic index decreased by 43.4% and sticky chromosomes, vagrant chromosomes and fragments were detected at rates of 83.1 ± 4.01, 72.7 ± 3.46 and 65.1 ± 3.51, respectively. By comet analysis, it was determined that Azadirachtin caused DNA fragmentation, and tail DNA, which was 0.10 ± 0.32% in the control group, increased to 34.5 ± 1.35% in the Azadirachtin -treated groups. These cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of Azadirachtin may be due to direct interaction with macromolecules as well as induced oxidative stress. Azadirachtin has been found to interact in-silico with alpha-tubulin, beta-tubulin, topoisomerase I and II, and various DNA sequences. Possible deteriorations in macromolecular structure and functions as a result of these interactions may cause cytotoxic and genotoxic effects. These results suggest that natural insecticides may also be unreliable for non-target organisms, and the toxic effects of compounds presented as "natural" should also be investigated.
天然杀虫剂以其安全特性引起了人们的关注，但它们也会对许多非靶标生物造成威胁，因此需要对其毒性进行广泛研究。在这项研究中，我们通过体内和计算机模拟两种方法研究了印楝素（从印楝树中提取的一种天然杀虫剂）的毒性作用。通过大蒜测试确定了体内毒性作用，将鳞茎用 5mg/L（0.5xEC）、10mg/L（EC）和 20mg/L（2xEC）印楝素处理。在接受印楝素处理的组中，发芽相关参数下降，因此生长受到延迟。这种衰退可能与植物的氧化应激有关，并且在印楝素处理组中丙二醛和脯氨酸水平的增加证实了氧化应激的存在。印楝素的毒性呈剂量依赖性增加，在接受 20mg/L 印楝素处理的组中观察到最显著的毒性作用。在该组中，有丝分裂指数下降了 43.4%，并且检测到 83.1±4.01%、72.7±3.46%和 65.1±3.51%的黏着染色体、游走染色体和片段。通过彗星分析确定，印楝素会导致 DNA 片段化，而在对照组中为 0.10±0.32%的尾部 DNA 增加到印楝素处理组中的 34.5±1.35%。印楝素的这些细胞毒性和遗传毒性作用可能是由于其与大分子的直接相互作用以及诱导的氧化应激所致。已经发现印楝素在计算机模拟中与微管蛋白α、微管蛋白β、拓扑异构酶 I 和 II 以及各种 DNA 序列相互作用。这些相互作用可能导致大分子结构和功能的恶化，从而导致细胞毒性和遗传毒性作用。这些结果表明，天然杀虫剂对非靶标生物也可能不可靠，并且还应研究被描述为“天然”的化合物的毒性作用。
