Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive type of breast cancer with poor prognosis, and neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) has emerged as an important component in managing advanced-stage patients by providing surgical opportunities and improving survival outcomes. A search of publications on NAT for TNBC from 2002 to 2023 was conducted through the Web of Science core collection. A comprehensive bibliometric analysis was conducted on the data using CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and Bibliometrix. The analysis revealed a continuous and steady growth in the number of articles published in this field over the past 20 years. The United States has made significant contributions to this field, with The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center publishing the most articles. Loibl, S. from Germany was found to be the most published author with 54 articles. Analysis of the journals showed that the Journal of Clinical Oncology is the most cited journal. Combined with the keyword co-occurrence analysis and clustering analysis, current research topic focuses on treatment regimens and disease prognosis. Dual-map overlay of the journals indicates that the research trend is gradually shifting from molecular biology and genetics to immunology and clinical research. Combination therapy, including immunotherapy, may be the future direction for NAT treatment of TNBC. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the current research status, latest advancements, and emerging development trend of NAT for TNBC.