Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2024 Aug 27;21(1):94. doi: 10.1186/s12966-024-01643-1.
Accurate and feasible assessment of dietary intake remains challenging for research and healthcare. Experience Sampling Methodology (ESM) is a real-time real-life data capturing method with low burden and good feasibility not yet fully explored as alternative dietary assessment method.
This scoping review is the first to explore the implementation of ESM as an alternative to traditional dietary assessment methods by mapping the methodological considerations to apply ESM and formulating recommendations to develop an Experience Sampling-based Dietary Assessment Method (ESDAM). The scoping review methodology framework was followed by searching PubMed (including OVID) and Web of Science from 2012 until 2024.
Screening of 646 articles resulted in 39 included articles describing 24 studies. ESM was mostly applied for qualitative dietary assessment (i.e. type of consumed foods) (n = 12), next to semi-quantitative dietary assessment (i.e. frequency of consumption, no portion size) (n = 7), and quantitative dietary assessment (i.e. type and portion size of consumed foods) (n = 5). Most studies used ESM to assess the intake of selected foods. Two studies applied ESM as an alternative to traditional dietary assessment methods assessing total dietary intake quantitatively (i.e. all food groups). ESM duration ranged from 4 to 30 days and most studies applied ESM for 7 days (n = 15). Sampling schedules were mostly semi-random (n = 12) or fixed (n = 9) with prompts starting at 8-10 AM and ending at 8-12 PM. ESM questionnaires were adapted from existing questionnaires, based on food consumption data or focus group discussions, and respond options were mostly presented as multiple-choice. Recall period to report dietary intake in ESM prompts varied from 15 min to 3.5 h.
Most studies used ESM for 7 days with fixed or semi-random sampling during waking hours and 2-h recall periods. An ESDAM can be developed starting from a food record approach (actual intake) or a validated food frequency questionnaire (long-term or habitual intake). Actual dietary intake can be measured by ESM through short intensive fixed sampling schedules while habitual dietary intake measurement by ESM allows for longer less frequent semi-random sampling schedules. ESM sampling protocols should be developed carefully to optimize feasibility and accuracy of dietary data.
准确且可行的膳食摄入量评估对研究和医疗保健来说仍然具有挑战性。经验采样法（ESM）是一种实时的现实生活数据采集方法，其负担低，可行性好，但尚未作为替代膳食评估方法进行充分探索。
本范围综述是首次探索将 ESM 作为传统膳食评估方法的替代方法，通过将方法考虑因素映射到应用 ESM 并制定建议来开发基于经验采样的膳食评估方法（ESDAM）。该范围综述方法框架遵循了从 2012 年到 2024 年在 PubMed（包括 OVID）和 Web of Science 中进行搜索。
对 646 篇文章进行筛选后，纳入了 39 篇描述了 24 项研究的文章。ESM 主要应用于定性膳食评估（即消耗食物的类型）（n=12），其次是半定量膳食评估（即消耗频率，无份量）（n=7）和定量膳食评估（即消耗食物的类型和份量）（n=5）。大多数研究使用 ESM 来评估特定食物的摄入量。两项研究应用 ESM 作为替代传统膳食评估方法来定量评估总膳食摄入量（即所有食物组）。ESM 持续时间从 4 天到 30 天不等，大多数研究采用 7 天（n=15）。采样计划大多为半随机（n=12）或固定（n=9），提示从上午 8 点到 10 点开始，下午 8 点到 12 点结束。ESM 问卷改编自现有问卷，基于食物消费数据或焦点小组讨论，回答选项大多为多项选择。ESM 提示中报告膳食摄入量的回忆期从 15 分钟到 3.5 小时不等。
大多数研究使用 ESM 进行 7 天的固定或半随机采样，时间为清醒时间和 2 小时的回忆期。可以从食物记录方法（实际摄入量）或经过验证的食物频率问卷（长期或习惯性摄入量）开始开发 ESDAM。通过短期密集的固定采样方案，ESM 可以测量实际膳食摄入量，而通过 ESM 进行习惯性膳食摄入量测量则允许采用更长、不那么频繁的半随机采样方案。应仔细制定 ESM 采样方案，以优化膳食数据的可行性和准确性。
