College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211800, China.
Bioresource Institute of Healthy Utilization, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China.
Molecules. 2024 Aug 10;29(16):3787. doi: 10.3390/molecules29163787.
species, which are perennial herbs widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, are notable for their therapeutic properties attributed to various bioactive compounds, including dendrobine-type sesquiterpenoid alkaloids (DTSAs). The objective of this review article is to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the biosynthesis of DTSAs, including their extraction from species and endophytes, elucidation of associated genes through genomic and transcriptomic sequencing in both spp. and endophytes, exploration of the biosynthetic pathways of DTSAs, and drawing conclusions and outlining future perspectives in this field. Alkaloids, predominantly nitrogen-containing compounds found in medicinal orchids, include over 140 types discovered across more than 50 species. DTSAs, identified in 37 picrotoxane alkaloids, have a distinctive five-membered nitrogen heterocyclic ring. This review highlights endophytic fungi as alternative sources of DTSAs, emphasizing their potential in pharmaceutical applications when plant-derived compounds are scarce or complex. Genomic and transcriptomic sequencing of spp. and their endophytes has identified key genes involved in DTSAs biosynthesis, elucidating pathways such as the mevalonate (MVA) and 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathways. Genes encoding enzymes, such as acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransferase and diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase, are positively associated with dendrobine production. Despite significant advancements, the complexity of terpenoid biosynthesis in different subcellular compartments remains a challenge. Future research should focus on leveraging high-quality genomic data and omics technologies to further understand and manipulate the biosynthetic pathways of DTSAs and enhance their medicinal use.
石斛属植物是一种广泛分布于热带和亚热带地区的多年生草本植物，具有多种生物活性化合物，包括石斛碱型倍半萜生物碱（DTSAs），具有治疗特性。本文综述了 DTSAs 的生物合成研究进展，包括从石斛属植物和内生真菌中提取 DTSAs，通过石斛属植物和内生真菌的基因组和转录组测序阐明相关基因，探索 DTSAs 的生物合成途径，并对该领域的结论和未来展望进行了总结。生物碱是在药用兰花中发现的主要含氮化合物，超过 50 种植物中发现了 140 多种不同类型的生物碱。DTSAs 是在 37 种吡咯里西啶生物碱中发现的，具有独特的五员氮杂环。本文重点介绍了内生真菌作为 DTSAs 的替代来源，强调了当植物来源的化合物稀缺或复杂时，内生真菌在药物应用中的潜力。石斛属植物及其内生真菌的基因组和转录组测序鉴定了 DTSAs 生物合成中的关键基因，阐明了甲羟戊酸（MVA）和 2-C-甲基-D-赤藓醇 4-磷酸（MEP）途径等途径。编码酶的基因，如乙酰辅酶 A C-乙酰转移酶和二磷酸甲羟戊酸脱羧酶，与石斛碱的产生呈正相关。尽管取得了重大进展，但不同亚细胞区室中萜类生物合成的复杂性仍然是一个挑战。未来的研究应重点利用高质量的基因组数据和组学技术，进一步了解和操纵 DTSAs 的生物合成途径，并增强其药用价值。
