Verseon International Corp., Fremont, CA 94538, USA.
Department of IST, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77004, USA.
Aging (Albany NY). 2024 Aug 30;16(17):12414-12427. doi: 10.18632/aging.206098.
Aging is the leading driver of disease in humans and has profound impacts on mortality. Biological clocks are used to measure the aging process in the hopes of identifying possible interventions. Biological clocks may be categorized as phenotypic or epigenetic, where phenotypic clocks use easily measurable clinical biomarkers and epigenetic clocks use cellular methylation data. In recent years, methylation clocks have attained phenomenal performance when predicting chronological age and have been linked to various age-related diseases. Additionally, phenotypic clocks have been proven to be able to predict mortality better than chronological age, providing intracellular insights into the aging process. This review aimed to systematically survey all proposed epigenetic and phenotypic clocks to date, excluding mitotic clocks (i.e., cancer risk clocks) and those that were modeled using non-human samples. We reported the predictive performance of 33 clocks and outlined the statistical or machine learning techniques used. We also reported the most influential clinical measurements used in the included phenotypic clocks. Our findings provide a systematic reporting of the last decade of biological clock research and indicate possible avenues for future research.
衰老是导致人类疾病的主要因素，对死亡率有深远影响。生物钟被用来衡量衰老过程，以期发现可能的干预措施。生物钟可以分为表型或表观遗传型，其中表型生物钟使用易于测量的临床生物标志物，而表观遗传生物钟使用细胞甲基化数据。近年来，甲基化时钟在预测年龄方面表现出色，并与各种与年龄相关的疾病有关。此外，表型时钟已被证明能够比实际年龄更好地预测死亡率，为衰老过程提供了细胞内的见解。本综述旨在系统地调查迄今为止所有提出的表观遗传和表型时钟，排除有丝分裂时钟（即癌症风险时钟）和那些使用非人类样本建模的时钟。我们报告了 33 个时钟的预测性能，并概述了所使用的统计或机器学习技术。我们还报告了包含的表型时钟中使用的最有影响力的临床测量值。我们的研究结果提供了过去十年生物钟研究的系统报告，并指出了未来研究的可能途径。
