Happ Kevin, Barawi Sarah, Niederer Daniel, Schwiete Carsten, Heinrich Christine, Franz Alexander, Wahl Patrick, Behringer Michael
Department of Sports Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Ginnheimer Landstraße 39, 60487, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany.
Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
Sci Rep. 2025 Jul 31;15(1):27985. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-11654-y.
Blood flow restriction (BFR) training has been shown to induce exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) in some cases, although findings are inconsistent and the influence of the applied arterial occlusion pressure (AOP) remains unclear. This single-blind, randomized controlled trial investigated the effects of different percentages of AOP on EIMD and acute physiological responses in 40 participants allocated to four groups: no pressure (NP), low pressure (LP; 50% AOP), medium pressure (MP; 75% AOP), and high pressure (HP; 100% AOP). Participants performed unilateral knee extensions at 30% of their one-repetition maximum up to four sets of 20 repetitions or until failure. EIMD was primarily assessed by the changes in isokinetic peak torque 24 h, 48 h and 72 h post-exercise (Δ to baseline). Secondary markers included perceived pain, blood biomarkers (creatine kinase, myoglobin) and muscle swelling. Additionally, acute physiological responses were assessed, including continuous measurement of muscle oxygen saturation (SmO) during exercise, perceived exertion (RPE) immediately after the exercise bout, and blood lactate concentration measured at 1, 3, 7, and 10 min post-exercise. NP showed greater strength loss at 24 h post-exercise compared to MP (MD = - 9.95, p = .042, 95% CI [- 19.7, - 0.19]) and HP (MD = - 10.51, p = .034, 95% CI [- 20.52, - 0.49]). Pain ratings were higher in NP compared to MP (p = .001) and HP (p = .003) at 24 h post, and remained elevated at 48 h compared to MP (p = .003) and HP (p = .047). NP and LP completed more repetitions than MP and HP. HP exhibited a greater reduction in SmOcompared to NP. Perceived exertion was higher in MP and HP. LP showed higher average lactate concentrations than NP (p = .020). CK and MB responses showed no time-specific group differences. These findings suggest that BFR training, even at higher pressures, does not increase EIMD compared to free-flow exercise, and that MP and HP may even attenuate strength loss and pain following exercise.
血流限制（BFR）训练在某些情况下已被证明会引发运动诱导的肌肉损伤（EIMD），尽管研究结果并不一致，且所施加的动脉闭塞压力（AOP）的影响仍不明确。这项单盲随机对照试验研究了不同百分比的AOP对EIMD以及40名参与者急性生理反应的影响，这些参与者被分为四组：无压力（NP）组、低压（LP；50% AOP）组、中压（MP；75% AOP）组和高压（HP；100% AOP）组。参与者以其一次重复最大值的30%进行单侧膝关节伸展，共四组，每组20次重复，或直至力竭。EIMD主要通过运动后24小时、48小时和72小时等速峰值扭矩的变化（相对于基线的变化量）来评估。次要指标包括疼痛感知、血液生物标志物（肌酸激酶、肌红蛋白）和肌肉肿胀。此外，还评估了急性生理反应，包括运动期间肌肉氧饱和度（SmO）的连续测量、运动后即刻的主观用力感觉（RPE），以及运动后1分钟、3分钟、7分钟和10分钟测量的血乳酸浓度。与MP组（MD = -9.95，p = 0.042，95% CI [-19.7, -0.19]）和HP组（MD = -10.51，p = 0.034，95% CI [-20.52, -0.49]）相比，NP组在运动后24小时力量损失更大。在运动后24小时，NP组的疼痛评分高于MP组（p = 0.001）和HP组（p = 0.003），并且在48小时时与MP组（p = 0.003）和HP组（p = 0.047）相比仍保持较高水平。NP组和LP组完成的重复次数比MP组和HP组更多。与NP组相比，HP组的SmO降低幅度更大。MP组和HP组的主观用力感觉更高。LP组的平均乳酸浓度高于NP组（p = 0.020）。CK和MB的反应在各时间点上没有组间差异。这些研究结果表明，与自由流动运动相比，即使在较高压力下，BFR训练也不会增加EIMD，并且MP组和HP组甚至可能减轻运动后的力量损失和疼痛。
