Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Lancet Microbe. 2024 Nov;5(11):100912. doi: 10.1016/S2666-5247(24)00151-4. Epub 2024 Sep 12.
The extensive global genetic diversity of HIV-1 poses a major challenge to HIV vaccine development. We aimed to determine recent estimates of and changes in the global and regional distributions of HIV-1 genetic variants.
We conducted a systematic literature review by searching PubMed, Embase, Global Health, and CINAHL for studies containing country-specific HIV-1 subtyping data, published between Jan 1, 2010 and Sep 16, 2022. The proportions of HIV-1 subtypes, circulating recombinant forms (CRFs), and unique recombinant forms (URFs) in each country were weighted by UNAIDS estimates of the numbers of people living with HIV (PLHIV) in each country to obtain regional and global prevalence estimates of HIV-1 subtypes, CRFs, and URFs with 95% CIs for the time periods 2010-15 and 2016-21. The protocol is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42017067164.
We obtained 1044 datasets, containing HIV-1 subtyping data from 653 013 PLHIV from 122 countries in 2010-2021. In 2016-2021, subtype C accounted for 50·4% (95% CI 50·2-50·7; n=18 570 462 of 36 823 798) of global HIV infections, subtype A for 12·4% (12·2-12·6; n=4 571 250), subtype B for 11·3% (11·1-11·5; n=4 157 686), subtype G for 2·9% (2·9-3·0; n=1 083 568), subtype D for 2·6% (2·5-2·7; n=945 815), subtype F for 0·9% (0·8-0·9; n=316 724), CRFs for 15·1% (14·9-15·3; n=5 564 566), and URFs for 2·0% (1·9-2·1; n=733 374). Subtypes H, J, and K each accounted for 0·1% or less of infections. Compared with 2010-15, we observed significant (p<0·0001) increases in global proportions of subtype A (0·9%, 95% CI 0·7 to 1·1) and subtype C (3·4%, 3·0 to 3·7) and decreases in subtype D (-0·5%, -0·6 to -0·4), subtype G (-0·8%, -1·0 to -0·7), CRFs (-1·0%, -1·3 to -0·8), and URFs (-1·8%, -1·9 to -1·7), with no changes for subtypes B and F. The global proportion of infections attributed to recombinants decreased from 21·6% (95% CI 21·4 to 21·7; n=7 099 252 of 32 622 808) in 2010-15 to 19·3% (19·1 to 19·5; n=7 094 694 of 36 823 798) in 2016-21 (-2·3%, 95% CI -2·6 to -2·0; p<0·0001). Regional distributions of HIV-1 variants were complex and evolving, with global trends in the prevalence of HIV-1 variants supported by trends across the regions.
Global and regional HIV-1 genetic diversity are complex and continue to evolve. Continued and improved surveillance of HIV-1 variants remains vital for HIV vaccine development and implementation.
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HIV-1 广泛的全球遗传多样性对 HIV 疫苗的发展构成了重大挑战。我们旨在确定 HIV-1 遗传变异在全球和区域分布的最新估计值和变化。
我们通过搜索 PubMed、Embase、全球卫生和 CINAHL 进行了系统的文献综述,以查找包含国家特定 HIV-1 亚型数据的研究,这些研究发表于 2010 年 1 月 1 日至 2022 年 9 月 16 日之间。每个国家 HIV-1 亚型、循环重组形式 (CRF) 和独特重组形式 (URF) 的比例根据 UNAIDS 对每个国家 HIV 感染者人数的估计进行加权,以获得 2010-15 年和 2016-21 年期间 HIV-1 亚型、CRF 和 URF 的全球和区域流行率估计值,置信区间为 95%。该方案在 PROSPERO 中注册,注册号为 CRD42017067164。
我们获得了 1044 个数据集,其中包含来自 122 个国家的 653013 名 HIV 感染者的 HIV-1 亚型数据。在 2016-21 年期间,C 型占全球 HIV 感染的 50.4%(95%CI 50.2-50.7;n=18570462 名中的 36823798 名),A 型占 12.4%(12.2-12.6;n=4571250 名),B 型占 11.3%(11.1-11.5;n=4157686 名),G 型占 2.9%(2.9-3.0;n=1083568 名),D 型占 2.6%(2.5-2.7;n=945815 名),F 型占 0.9%(0.8-0.9;n=316724 名),CRF 占 15.1%(14.9-15.3;n=5564566 名),URF 占 2.0%(1.9-2.1;n=733374 名)。H、J 和 K 型各占感染的 0.1%或更少。与 2010-15 年相比,我们观察到全球 A 型(0.9%,95%CI 0.7-1.1)和 C 型(3.4%,3.0-3.7)的比例显著增加(p<0.0001),D 型(-0.5%,-0.6-0.4)、G 型(-0.8%,-1.0-0.7)、CRF(-1.0%,-1.3-0.8)和 URF(-1.8%,-1.9-1.7)的比例下降,而 B 型和 F 型没有变化。归因于重组的全球感染比例从 2010-15 年的 21.6%(95%CI 21.4-21.7;n=7099252 名中的 32622808 名)下降到 2016-21 年的 19.3%(19.1-19.5;n=7094694 名中的 36823798 名)(-2.3%,95%CI -2.6-2.0;p<0.0001)。HIV-1 变异的区域分布复杂且不断演变,全球 HIV-1 变异的流行趋势得到了各区域趋势的支持。
全球和区域 HIV-1 遗传多样性复杂且不断演变。继续加强对 HIV-1 变异的监测对于 HIV 疫苗的开发和实施仍然至关重要。
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