Walton Samuel R, Carneiro Kevin A, Smith-Ryan Abbie E, Stoner Lee, Kerr Zachary Yukio, Brett Benjamin L, Chandran Avinash, DeFreese J D, Mannix Rebekah, Lempke Landon B, Echemendia Ruben J, McCrea Michael A, Guskiewicz Kevin M, Meehan William P
Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond.
J Athl Train. 2025 Feb 1;60(2):185-197. doi: 10.4085/1062-6050-0537.23.
Understanding former professional football players' engagement with health-promoting behaviors (physical exercise, high-quality diet, and good sleep hygiene) will be helpful for developing lifestyle interventions to improve their feelings of well-being, a relatively understudied facet of health among this population.
Examine associations among health-promoting behaviors and subjective outcomes related to well-being among former National Football League (NFL) players.
Cross-sectional.
Online or hard-copy survey.
Former NFL players.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Self-reported health-promoting behaviors (exercise frequency, diet quality, and sleep duration and disturbance) and factors related to well-being (Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System - Meaning and Purpose [MP], Self-Efficacy, and Ability to Participate in Social Roles and Activities [SRA]). Multivariable linear regression models were fit for each well-being-related factor with health-promoting behaviors as explanatory variables alongside select demographic, behavioral, and functional covariates. Models were fit for the full sample and separately for individual age groups: <30 years, 30 to 39 years, 40 to 49 years, 50 to 59 years, 60 to 69 years, and 70+ years.
A total of 1784 former NFL players (aged 52.3 ± 16.3 years) completed the survey. Lower sleep disturbance was associated with better MP (β [standard error] = -0.196 [0.024]), Self-Efficacy (β [standard error] = -0.185 [0.024]), and SRA (β [standard error]= -0.137 [0.017]) in the full sample and almost all the individual age groups. More frequent moderate-to-vigorous exercise was associated with higher MP (β [standard error] = 0.068 [0.025]) and SRA (β [standard error] = 0.151 [0.065]) in the full sample and with better MP, Self-Efficacy, and SRA among select middle-aged groups (between 40 and 69 years old). Diet quality, resistance training exercise frequency, other wellness activity frequency, and sleep duration were not associated with well-being-related factors in the full group, and sparse significant associations were observed in individual age group models.
Lower sleep disturbance and more frequent moderate-to-vigorous exercise frequency may be important targets for improving overall health and well-being among former NFL players.
了解前职业橄榄球运动员对促进健康行为（体育锻炼、优质饮食和良好睡眠卫生习惯）的参与情况，将有助于制定生活方式干预措施，以改善他们的幸福感，而这是该人群中相对较少被研究的健康方面。
研究前美国国家橄榄球联盟（NFL）球员中促进健康行为与幸福感相关主观结果之间的关联。
横断面研究。
在线或纸质调查。
前NFL球员。
自我报告的促进健康行为（锻炼频率、饮食质量、睡眠时间和睡眠障碍）以及与幸福感相关的因素（患者报告结局测量信息系统 - 意义和目的[MP]、自我效能感以及参与社会角色和活动的能力[SRA]）。针对每个与幸福感相关的因素，以促进健康行为作为解释变量，同时纳入选定的人口统计学、行为学和功能协变量，拟合多变量线性回归模型。模型针对全样本进行拟合，并分别针对各个年龄组进行拟合：<30岁、30至39岁、40至49岁、50至59岁、60至69岁以及70岁及以上。
共有1784名前NFL球员（年龄52.3±16.3岁）完成了调查。在全样本以及几乎所有个体年龄组中，较低的睡眠障碍与更好的MP（β[标准误]= -0.196[0.024]）、自我效能感（β[标准误]= -0.185[0.024]）和SRA（β[标准误]= -0.137[0.017]）相关。在全样本中，更频繁的中度至剧烈运动与更高的MP（β[标准误]= 0.068[0.025]）和SRA（β[标准误]= 0.151[0.065]）相关，并且在选定的中年组（40至69岁）中与更好的MP、自我效能感和SRA相关。饮食质量、抗阻训练锻炼频率、其他健康活动频率和睡眠时间在全组中与幸福感相关因素无关，并且在个体年龄组模型中观察到的显著关联较少。
较低的睡眠障碍和更频繁的中度至剧烈运动频率可能是改善前NFL球员整体健康和幸福感的重要目标。
