Muschket Matthias, Neuwald Isabelle J, Zahn Daniel, Seelig Alina H, Kuckelkorn Jochen, Knepper Thomas P, Reemtsma Thorsten
Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany.
Hochschule Fresenius gem. Trägergesellschaft mbH, Limburger Str. 2, Idstein 65510, Germany.
Water Res. 2024 Nov 15;266:122436. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122436. Epub 2024 Sep 12.
Persistent and mobile (PM) chemicals are considered detrimental for drinking water resources as they may pass through all barriers protecting these resources against pollution. However, knowledge on the occurrence of PM chemicals in the water cycle, that make their way into drinking water resources, is still limited. The effluents of six municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs, n = 38), surface water of two rivers (n = 32) and bank filtrate of one site (n = 15) were analyzed for 127 suspected PM chemicals. In the rivers, median concentrations of 92 detected analytes ranged from 0.3 ng/L to 2.6 µg/L (tetrafluoroborate, BF4). Lower than average dilution from WWTP effluent to surface water of 43 PM chemicals suggests significant discharge from other sources. Many of these compounds were industrial chemicals, including cyanoguanidine, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid and BF4. River bank filtration (RBF) reduced the total concentration of 40 quantified compounds by 60 % from 19.5 µg/L in surface water to 8.4 µg/L in bank filtrate, on average. Of these, 20 compounds showed good removal (> 80 %), 14 intermediate (80 - 20 %) and 6 no removal (≤ 20 %), among them carbamazepine, hexafluorophosphate, and 2-pyrrolidone. 13 substances occurred at concentrations ≥ 0.1 µg/L in bank filtrate; for six of them toxicological data were insufficient for a health-based risk assessment. The regulatory definition of P and M chemicals, if used together with existing data on environmental half-lives (P) and K (M), showed little power to discriminate between chemicals well removed in RBF and those that were hardly removed. This comprehensive field study shows that RBF is a useful but incomplete barrier to retain PM chemicals from surface water. Thus, PM chemicals are, indeed, a challenge for a sustainable water supply.
持久性和流动性（PM）化学物质被认为对饮用水资源有害，因为它们可能会穿透所有保护这些资源免受污染的屏障。然而，关于进入饮用水资源的水循环中PM化学物质的存在情况的了解仍然有限。对六个城市污水处理厂（WWTPs，n = 38）的废水、两条河流的地表水（n = 32）和一个地点的岸边渗透水（n = 15）进行了分析，以检测127种疑似PM化学物质。在河流中，92种检测到的分析物的中位数浓度范围为0.3 ng/L至2.6 μg/L（四氟硼酸盐，BF4）。43种PM化学物质从污水处理厂废水到地表水的稀释程度低于平均水平，这表明有大量来自其他来源的排放。这些化合物中有许多是工业化学品，包括氰胺、三氟甲磺酸和BF4。河岸过滤（RBF）使40种定量化合物的总浓度平均从地表水的19.5 μg/L降至岸边渗透水中的8.4 μg/L，降低了60%。其中，20种化合物去除效果良好（> 80%），14种中等（80% - 20%），6种无去除效果（≤ 20%），其中包括卡马西平、六氟磷酸盐和2 - 吡咯烷酮。13种物质在岸边渗透水中的浓度≥0.1 μg/L；其中六种物质的毒理学数据不足以进行基于健康的风险评估。如果将P和M化学物质的监管定义与现有的环境半衰期（P）和K（M）数据一起使用，在区分RBF中去除效果良好的化学物质和去除效果不佳的化学物质方面几乎没有作用。这项全面的实地研究表明，RBF是一个有用但不完整的屏障，可阻挡地表水中的PM化学物质。因此，PM化学物质确实是可持续供水面临的一项挑战。
