Intercalation of multilayered TiCT electrode doped with vanadium for highly sensitive electrochemical detection of dopamine in biological samples.

The electrochemical detection characteristics of the layered TiCT material were enhanced by modifying its surface. TiCT is used as the Ti - F chemical bond weakens with increasing pH levels. TiCT is alkalinized by KOH, and F is substituted for - OH. The surface hydroxyl groups can be eliminated by intercalating K. This study elaborates on the hydrothermal production of vanadium-doped layered TiCT nanosheets intercalated with K. The development of a sensitive dopamine electrochemical sensor is outlined by intercalating a vanadium-doped multilayered K TiCT electrode. The chemical, surface, and structural composition of the synthesized electrode for dopamine detection was investigated and confirmed. The sensor exhibits a linear range (1-10 µM), a low detection limit (8.4 nM), and a high sensitivity of 2.746 µAµMcm under optimal electrochemical testing conditions. The sensor also demonstrates exceptional anti-interference capabilities and stability. The sensor was applied to detection of dopamine in (spiked) rat brains, human serum, and urine samples. This study introduces a novel approach by utilizing K intercalation of vanadium-doped TiCT-based electrochemical sensors and an innovative method for dopamine detection. The dopamine detection revealed the potential of (V0.05) K TiCT-GCE for practical application in pharmaceutical sample analysis.