Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 103, 41125 Modena, MO, Italy.
Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Giuseppe Campi 213/D, 41125 Modena, MO, Italy.
Mar Drugs. 2024 Aug 24;22(9):380. doi: 10.3390/md22090380.
Antimicrobial resistance is a critical global health issue, with rising resistance among bacteria and fungi. Marine organisms have emerged as promising, but underexplored, sources of new antimicrobial agents. Among them, marine polychaetes, such as , which possess chemical defenses, could attract significant research interest. This study explores the antimicrobial properties of hallachrome, a unique anthraquinone found in the purple mucus of , against Gram-negative bacteria ( ATCC 25922, ATCC 9027), Gram-positive bacteria ( ATCC 29212, ATCC 6538, ATCC 12228), and the most common human fungal pathogen ATCC 10231. Antibacterial susceptibility testing revealed that Gram-negative bacteria were not inhibited by hallachrome at concentrations ≤2 mM. However, Gram-positive bacteria showed significant growth inhibition at 0.12-0.25 mM, while was inhibited at 0.06 mM. Time-kill studies demonstrated dose-dependent growth inhibition of susceptible strains by hallachrome, which exerted its effect by altering the membrane permeability of , , and after 6 h and after 24 h. Additionally, hallachrome significantly reduced biofilm formation and mature biofilm in , , and . Additionally, it inhibited hyphal growth in . These findings highlight hallachrome's potential as a novel antimicrobial agent, deserving further exploration for clinical experimentation.
抗菌药物耐药性是一个全球性的健康问题，细菌和真菌的耐药性不断上升。海洋生物已成为有前途但研究不足的新型抗菌药物来源。其中，海洋多毛类动物，如 ，具有化学防御能力，可能会引起人们的极大研究兴趣。本研究探讨了在 紫色粘液中发现的独特蒽醌 hallachrome 的抗菌特性，针对革兰氏阴性菌（ATCC 25922、ATCC 9027）、革兰氏阳性菌（ATCC 29212、ATCC 6538、ATCC 12228）和最常见的人类真菌病原体 ATCC 10231。抗菌药敏试验显示，hallachrome 在浓度≤2 mM 时不会抑制革兰氏阴性菌。然而，革兰氏阳性菌在 0.12-0.25 mM 时表现出显著的生长抑制，而 在 0.06 mM 时被抑制。时间杀伤研究表明，hallachrome 对敏感菌株具有剂量依赖性的生长抑制作用，它通过改变 、 和 的膜通透性来发挥作用，在 6 h 和 24 h 后。此外，hallachrome 显著减少了 、 和 中的生物膜形成和成熟生物膜。此外，它还抑制了 的菌丝生长。这些发现强调了 hallachrome 作为一种新型抗菌药物的潜力，值得进一步探索用于临床实验。
