Faculty of Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Pasteura 1, Wroclaw, 50-367, Poland.
Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, Wroclaw, 50-556, Poland.
Cell Commun Signal. 2024 Oct 10;22(1):486. doi: 10.1186/s12964-024-01857-7.
Resistance of cancer cells to anticancer drugs remains a major challenge in modern medicine. Understanding the mechanisms behind the development of chemoresistance is key to developing appropriate therapies to counteract it. Nowadays, with advances in technology, we are paying more and more attention to the role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and intercellular interactions in this process. We also know that important elements of the TME are not only the tumor cells themselves but also other cell types, such as mesenchymal stem cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, stromal cells, and macrophages. TME elements can communicate with each other indirectly (via cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and extracellular vesicles [EVs]) and directly (via gap junctions, ligand-receptor pairs, cell adhesion, and tunnel nanotubes). This communication appears to be critical for the development of chemoresistance. EVs seem to be particularly interesting structures in this regard. Within these structures, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids can be transported, acting as signaling molecules that interact with numerous biochemical pathways, thereby contributing to chemoresistance. Moreover, drug efflux pumps, which are responsible for removing drugs from cancer cells, can also be transported via EVs.
癌细胞对抗癌药物的耐药性仍然是现代医学的一大挑战。了解化疗耐药性发展背后的机制是开发适当治疗方法以对抗耐药性的关键。如今，随着技术的进步，我们越来越关注肿瘤微环境（TME）和细胞间相互作用在这一过程中的作用。我们还知道，TME 的重要组成部分不仅是肿瘤细胞本身，还有其他细胞类型，如间充质干细胞、癌相关成纤维细胞、基质细胞和巨噬细胞。TME 中的细胞可以通过细胞因子、趋化因子、生长因子和细胞外囊泡（EVs）等间接（通过细胞因子、趋化因子、生长因子和细胞外囊泡 [EVs]）和直接（通过间隙连接、配体-受体对、细胞黏附和隧道纳米管）相互交流。这种交流似乎对化疗耐药性的发展至关重要。在这方面，EVs 似乎是特别有趣的结构。在这些结构中，可以运输脂质、蛋白质和核酸，充当信号分子，与许多生化途径相互作用，从而有助于化疗耐药性。此外，负责将药物从癌细胞中排出的药物外排泵也可以通过 EVs 运输。
