Kabat G C, Dieck G S, Wynder E L
Cancer. 1986 Jan 15;57(2):362-7. doi: 10.1002/1097-0142(19860115)57:2<362::aid-cncr2820570229>3.0.co;2-f.
Potential risk factors for bladder cancer were studied in a series of 76 male and 76 female bladder cancer cases and 238 male and 254 female controls who reported never having smoked. Risk factors included usual occupation, smoking by the spouse, sidestream smoke exposure at home and at work and in transportation, coffee drinking (caffeinated and decaffeinated), artificial sweetener use, body mass index, and a history of diabetes and high blood pressure. No association was found with spouse's smoking or reported sidestream smoke exposure, coffee drinking, artificial sweetener use, or a number of other variables; however, there was some indication that several occupations were overrepresented in the cases. A positive association was found with snuff use in women, but the numbers were small (three cases and one control). Restriction of the study to lifetime nonsmokers permitted the assessment of potential risk factors in the absence of potential confounding and interactive effects of smoking. The study had adequate statistical power to detect moderately small elevated risks due to the main factors examined.
在一组76例男性和76例女性膀胱癌患者以及238例男性和254例女性从未吸烟的对照者中，对膀胱癌的潜在风险因素进行了研究。风险因素包括通常的职业、配偶吸烟情况、在家、工作场所和交通中接触侧流烟的情况、饮用咖啡（含咖啡因和不含咖啡因的）、使用人工甜味剂、体重指数以及糖尿病和高血压病史。未发现与配偶吸烟或报告的侧流烟暴露、饮用咖啡、使用人工甜味剂或其他一些变量存在关联；然而，有迹象表明某些职业在病例中所占比例过高。在女性中发现与使用鼻烟呈正相关，但数量较少（3例病例和1例对照）。将研究限制在终生不吸烟者中，可以在不存在吸烟的潜在混杂和交互作用影响的情况下评估潜在风险因素。该研究具有足够的统计效力，能够检测出所研究的主要因素导致的适度较小的风险升高。
