Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th & O Sts. NW., Washington, DC 20057, USA.
Biosensors (Basel). 2024 Oct 6;14(10):480. doi: 10.3390/bios14100480.
Significant research accomplishments have been made so far for the development and application of ZnO nanomaterials in enhanced optical biodetection. The unparalleled optical properties of ZnO nanomaterials and their reduced dimensionality have been successfully exploited to push the limits of conventional optical biosensors and optical biodetection platforms for a wide range of bioanalytes. ZnO nanomaterial-enabled advancements in optical biosensors have been demonstrated to improve key sensor performance characteristics such as the limit of detection and dynamic range. In addition, all nanomaterial forms of ZnO, ranging from 0-dimensional (0D) and 1D to 2D nanostructures, have been proven to be useful, ensuring their versatile fabrication into functional biosensors. The employment of ZnO as an essential biosensing element has been assessed not only for ensembles but also for individual nanomaterials, which is advantageous for the realization of high miniaturization and minimal invasiveness in biosensors and biodevices. Moreover, the nanomaterials' incorporations into biosensors have been shown to be useful and functional for a variety of optical detection modes, such as absorption, colorimetry, fluorescence, near-band-edge emission, deep-level emission, chemiluminescence, surface evanescent wave, whispering gallery mode, lossy-mode resonance, surface plasmon resonance, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering. The detection capabilities of these ZnO nanomaterial-based optical biosensors demonstrated so far are highly encouraging and, in some cases, permit quantitative analyses of ultra-trace level bioanalytes that cannot be measured by other means. Hence, steady research endeavors are expected in this burgeoning field, whose scientific and technological impacts will grow immensely in the future. This review provides a timely and much needed review of the research efforts made in the field of ZnO nanomaterial-based optical biosensors in a comprehensive and systematic manner. The topical discussions in this review are organized by the different modes of optical detection listed above and further grouped by the dimensionality of the ZnO nanostructures used in biosensors. Following an overview of a given optical detection mode, the unique properties of ZnO nanomaterials critical to enhanced biodetection are presented in detail. Subsequently, specific biosensing applications of ZnO nanomaterials are discussed for ~40 different bioanalytes, and the important roles that the ZnO nanomaterials play in bioanalyte detection are also identified.
在开发和应用 ZnO 纳米材料以增强光学生物检测方面，已经取得了重大的研究成果。 ZnO 纳米材料无与伦比的光学特性及其维度的降低已成功被利用，以推动传统光学生物传感器和光学生物检测平台的极限，用于广泛的生物分析物。 ZnO 纳米材料在光学生物传感器中的应用进展已被证明可以改善关键传感器性能特征，例如检测限和动态范围。此外，所有 ZnO 纳米材料形式，从 0 维（0D）和 1 维到 2 维纳米结构，都被证明是有用的，确保了它们在功能生物传感器中的多功能制造。 ZnO 作为基本生物传感元件的应用不仅评估了其集合体，也评估了其单个纳米材料，这有利于在生物传感器和生物器件中实现高微型化和最小侵入性。此外，纳米材料的生物传感器中的掺入已被证明对各种光学检测模式有用和功能，例如吸收、比色法、荧光、近带边发射、深能级发射、化学发光、表面消逝波、 whispering gallery 模式、损耗模式共振、表面等离子体共振和表面增强拉曼散射。迄今为止，这些基于 ZnO 纳米材料的光学生物传感器的检测能力非常令人鼓舞，在某些情况下，可以对其他方法无法测量的痕量生物分析物进行定量分析。因此，预计在这个新兴领域将进行稳定的研究努力，其科学和技术影响在未来将大大增加。 本综述以全面和系统的方式，及时且非常需要对基于 ZnO 纳米材料的光学生物传感器领域的研究工作进行综述。 本综述中的主题讨论按上述列出的不同光学检测模式进行组织，并进一步按生物传感器中使用的 ZnO 纳米结构的维度进行分组。 在概述给定的光学检测模式之后，详细介绍了对增强生物检测至关重要的 ZnO 纳米材料的独特性质。 随后，讨论了 ZnO 纳米材料在约 40 种不同生物分析物中的具体生物传感应用，并确定了 ZnO 纳米材料在生物分析物检测中所起的重要作用。
