Saleem Saira, Amin Waqas, Bhatti Ferzana, Majid Muhammad, Fazal Ammara
Oilseeds Research Station, Khanpur, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, Pakistan; Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan.
State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
Int J Biol Macromol. 2025 Jun 17;319(Pt 4):145353. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.145353.
Wheat (Triticum aestivum), being a global staple crop, is critical in ensuring food security due to its significant nutritional value. However, it faces numerous challenges from both biotic and abiotic stresses, with fungal diseases being particularly detrimental to yield. Among these, wheat stripe rust, caused by the fungal pathogen Puccinia striiformis, poses a severe threat to wheat. Globally, 5.47 million tons of grains are lost due to the stripe rust pathogen, equivalent to a loss of USD 979 million annually; almost 88 % of the world's wheat production is susceptible to stripe rust. This review accentuates the global extensive distribution of stripe rust, detailing its causes and impact on crop productivity and mitigating approaches following traditional, genomic, and post-genomics. The mitigation approaches to wheat stripe rust have been mainly categorized into primitive (pre-genomic), modern (genomic), and next-generation (post-genomic) approaches. The primitive approaches include traditional breeding, phenotypic selection, and exotic germplasm to introduce resistance leads to early success in disease management. The advanced genomic era, with tools like QTL mapping, GWAS, marker-assisted selection, and high-throughput sequencing to deploy resistance genes, helps in precise mapping and developing high-throughput genotyping for large-scale screening and introgression of multiple resistant genes. The gene-editing approaches, including CRISPR/Cas9, RNAi, and epigenomics, now enable precise gene editing and regulation for durable resistance, together with multi-omics techniques, to identify resistant pathways and biomarkers with enhanced understanding of host-pathogen interactions and resistance mechanisms. Climate change events like shifts in rainfall patterns and rising temperatures expand the rust-prone area and pose more challenges in developing durable rust-resistant cultivars. Furthermore, the review explores using wheat's valuable genetic resources and integrating AI-based technologies to enhance stripe rust resistance by analyzing large datasets, including pathogen evolution and growth stages, allowing for timely interventions of the stripe rust epidemic. The role of multiomics approaches, particularly genomics and transcriptomics, in unraveling the genetic basis of stress tolerance is highlighted. A forward-looking framework is proposed, emphasizing the use of interdisciplinary methodologies, including big data, multi-omics, and AI-driven approaches, that hold immense promise to revolutionize wheat protection with the development of climate-resilient wheat genotypes and ensure real-time disease monitoring and precision-resistant strategies against the evolving rust pathogen.
小麦（普通小麦）作为一种全球主要作物，因其具有重要的营养价值，对确保粮食安全至关重要。然而，它面临着来自生物和非生物胁迫的众多挑战，其中真菌病害对产量的影响尤为严重。在这些病害中，由真菌病原体条锈菌引起的小麦条锈病对小麦构成了严重威胁。在全球范围内，条锈病病原体导致547万吨谷物损失，相当于每年损失9.79亿美元；世界上近88%的小麦产量易受条锈病影响。本综述着重介绍了条锈病在全球的广泛分布，详细阐述了其病因、对作物生产力的影响以及传统、基因组和后基因组时代的防治方法。小麦条锈病的防治方法主要分为原始（基因组时代之前）、现代（基因组时代）和下一代（后基因组时代）方法。原始方法包括传统育种、表型选择以及引入抗性的外来种质，这些方法在病害管理方面取得了早期成功。在先进的基因组时代，利用数量性状位点（QTL）定位、全基因组关联研究（GWAS）、标记辅助选择和高通量测序等工具来部署抗性基因，有助于精确作图并开发高通量基因分型技术，用于大规模筛选和导入多个抗性基因。基因编辑方法，包括CRISPR/Cas9、RNA干扰（RNAi）和表观基因组学，现在能够实现精确的基因编辑和调控以获得持久抗性，同时结合多组学技术，通过增强对寄主 - 病原体相互作用和抗性机制的理解来鉴定抗性途径和生物标志物。气候变化事件，如降雨模式的变化和气温上升，扩大了条锈病易发生区域，给培育持久抗锈品种带来了更多挑战。此外，本综述探讨了利用小麦宝贵的遗传资源并整合基于人工智能的技术，通过分析包括病原体进化和生长阶段在内的大型数据集来增强对条锈病的抗性，从而实现对条锈病流行的及时干预。强调了多组学方法，特别是基因组学和转录组学，在揭示胁迫耐受性遗传基础方面的作用。提出了一个前瞻性框架，强调使用跨学科方法，包括大数据、多组学和人工智能驱动的方法，这些方法有望随着抗气候变化小麦基因型的发展彻底改变小麦保护方式，并确保对不断演变的锈病病原体进行实时病害监测和精准抗性策略。
