Sanjai Chetana, Gaonkar Santosh L, Hakkimane Sushruta S
Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India.
Department of Chemistry, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India.
ACS Omega. 2024 Oct 18;9(43):43302-43318. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.4c07756. eCollection 2024 Oct 29.
The vast diversity of plants in nature offers a rich reservoir of bioactive compounds that have historically played an integral role in pharmacotherapy and continue to serve as a primary source of novel therapeutic agents. Medicinal plants contain a multitude of secondary metabolites with pharmacological potential, making them indispensable in drug discovery and development. These bioactive constituents, inherent in herbal remedies, exhibit a wide range of medicinal properties due to their complex chemical compositions and structural diversity. Despite their therapeutic potential, the clinical application of crude plant extracts is often hindered by limitations, such as poor bioavailability, low biostability, and variable efficacy. These issues can diminish the therapeutic impact of plant-derived compounds. Nanotechnology presents an innovative approach to addressing these challenges through the development of nanoformulations that enhance the efficacy of bioactive compounds. This review examines both historical and recent studies on the synthesis and characterization of bioactive compounds, focusing on their effectiveness in treating various diseases. Additionally, it addresses the risks associated with the direct use of crude plant extracts in medicine, explores extraction and isolation techniques, and reviews research from the past five years on the development of bioactive compounds, their nanoformulations, and their applications in disease treatment. The review also presents recent clinical trials conducted over the last five years on crude extracts and their nanoformulated counterparts, providing insights into the clinical translation of these natural therapeutics.
自然界中植物种类繁多，蕴含着丰富的生物活性化合物，这些化合物在历史上的药物治疗中发挥了不可或缺的作用，并且仍然是新型治疗药物的主要来源。药用植物含有多种具有药理潜力的次生代谢产物，使其在药物发现和开发中不可或缺。这些存在于草药中的生物活性成分，由于其复杂的化学组成和结构多样性，具有广泛的药用特性。尽管具有治疗潜力，但粗植物提取物的临床应用常常受到限制，如生物利用度低、生物稳定性差和疗效不一等问题。这些问题会削弱植物源化合物的治疗效果。纳米技术提供了一种创新方法，通过开发能提高生物活性化合物疗效的纳米制剂来应对这些挑战。本综述考察了生物活性化合物合成与表征的历史研究和近期研究，重点关注其在治疗各种疾病方面的有效性。此外，它还讨论了直接将粗植物提取物用于医学的相关风险，探索了提取和分离技术，并回顾了过去五年关于生物活性化合物及其纳米制剂的开发以及它们在疾病治疗中的应用的研究。该综述还介绍了过去五年对粗提取物及其纳米制剂进行的近期临床试验，为这些天然疗法的临床转化提供了见解。
