Probe set selection for targeted spatial transcriptomics.

Targeted spatial transcriptomic methods capture the topology of cell types and states in tissues at single-cell and subcellular resolution by measuring the expression of a predefined set of genes. The selection of an optimal set of probed genes is crucial for capturing the spatial signals present in a tissue. This requires selecting the most informative, yet minimal, set of genes to profile (gene set selection) for which it is possible to build probes (probe design). However, current selections often rely on marker genes, precluding them from detecting continuous spatial signals or new states. We present Spapros, an end-to-end probe set selection pipeline that optimizes both gene set specificity for cell type identification and within-cell type expression variation to resolve spatially distinct populations while considering prior knowledge as well as probe design and expression constraints. We evaluated Spapros and show that it outperforms other selection approaches in both cell type recovery and recovering expression variation beyond cell types. Furthermore, we used Spapros to design a single-cell resolution in situ hybridization on tissues (SCRINSHOT) experiment of adult lung tissue to demonstrate how probes selected with Spapros identify cell types of interest and detect spatial variation even within cell types.